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CJC 20 5 STUDY SET WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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internal validity - ANSWER Whether the study is designed to control for extraneous variables (those you are not interested in) and can rule out competing alternative explanations.
external validity - ANSWER whether or not the findings will hold across people, across people, across settings, and across different times.
construct validity - ANSWER Is the measure of a concept capturing what the researcher claims it is measuring.
Constant Variable - ANSWER A variable whose vale cannot be change once it has been assigned a value.
Variable - ANSWER Operationalized concepts.
Independent Variable - ANSWER IS what the researcher claims explains some of the change in the dependent variable or outcome. To be an IV, it must come before the dependent variable.
Dependent variable - ANSWER Is what the researcher is attempting to explain. It must be changeable, varying, not static. (For example: Race cannot be a dependent variable)
7 types of threats to internal validity - ANSWER History, Maturation, Instrumentation, Testing, Statistical regression, Selection bias, Experimental morality
History - ANSWER Refers to other specific events that may have taken place during the course of a study that may have produced results.
Maturation - ANSWER Refers to biological or psychological changes in the respondent during the course of a study that are not due to experimental treatment Ex. "Time heals all wounds" is a medical dictum that means many patients will heal without any treatment due to natural changes in their body when they are wounded.)
Instrumentation - ANSWER Involves changes in the measuring instrument from the beginning or first period of evolution to the second, late or final evaluation.
Testing - ANSWER Refers to the bias and foreknowledge introduced to respondents are as a result of having been pre-tested. On a second testing the respondents are no longer naive regarding the subject matter and can make use of sensitives, information, and attitudes generated from first testing.
Statistical regression - ANSWER The tendency of groups that have been selected for study on the basis of extreme high or low scores to regress or move toward the mean or average on the second testing.
Selection bias - ANSWER Occurs when the researcher chooses nonequivalent groups for comparison. Studies that compare the attitudes or behavior of volunteers and non-volunteers are often subject to selection bias
Experimental morality - ANSWER Refers to the dropping out of respondents from the study in such a way that creates none equivalent groups.
True or False. Confound and Selection Bias are synonyms - ANSWER True
What is the best way to control for selection bias? - ANSWER Random Assignment
How are random sampling and random assignment similar? - ANSWER They are similar in that they are both based on probability theory.
which respondents are provided with explicit responses from which to select
Likert Scale Questions - ANSWER - are 1-7 scales for questions. Survey responses in which respondents indicate the extent to which respondents indicate the extent to which they agree or disagree with statements
interpretive questions - ANSWER questions included in a questionnaire or interview schedule to help explain answers to other important questions. A follow up question
double-barreled questions - ANSWER - Double Barreled is an single survey question that actually ask two questions but allow only one answer Ex. (was the group project fun and an important learning experience?)
mutually exclusive - ANSWER - response choices on a survey that do not overlap. you can only fall into one category
Exhaustive - ANSWER - a variables attributes or value in which every case can be classified having one attribute.
Double negative - ANSWER - a question or statement that contains two negatives, which can muddy the meaning.
Double negative - ANSWER - is a question or statement that contains two negatives, which can muddy the meaning.
Three principles of research ethics - ANSWER Beneficence, Respect, and Justice
Beneficence - ANSWER - means to do no harm and make sure the benefits out way the risk
- Justice looks at if you including all potential groups or have a specific reason not to
Justice - ANSWER - Justice looks at if you including all potential groups or have a specific reason not to
- Respect is about voluntary participation
Anonymity - ANSWER - condition in which the identity of individuals subjects is not known to researcher
Confidentiality - ANSWER - when the researcher knows the identity of a subject, but takes steps to protect that identity from being discovered by others
triangulation - ANSWER - measuring a concept using multiple sources and multiple methods. Increases construct validity
Pragmatism - ANSWER - using the methods that is most appropriate to answer the question is qualitative or quantitative
Null hypothesis - ANSWER one that predicts no difference between two variables. Deductive test the null hypothesis. For example, male and female will be equally likely to murder a stranger
Non-directional hypothesis - ANSWER - Non directional hypothesis is where no direction is specified for the difference between the categories of the independent variable
Directional hypothesis - ANSWER specifies how the level of the independent variable will differ on the dependent variable. For example, males will be more likely to murder than will females
True or False the null hypothesis is tested in science - ANSWER True
Why should specific aspects of science that indicate findings should be stated in tentative terms (suggests) rather than absolute terms (i.e., proves, confirms). -
