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Pharmacology Review: A Comprehensive Guide to Medications and Their Actions, Exercises of Advanced Education

University of New Haven (UNH)Advanced Education

A comprehensive overview of various medications, categorized by their therapeutic uses. It includes information on drug classes, common medications within each class, their actions, uses, side effects, contraindications, and nursing considerations. The document also includes therapeutic levels for certain medications and antidotes for various drug overdoses. This resource is valuable for students and professionals in the healthcare field who need a quick reference guide to common medications.

Typology: Exercises

2024/2025

Available from 04/09/2025

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CJE Pharmacology Review
Antibiotic/Antibacterial Medications - 1. Tetracyclines (-cycline): doxycycline,
tetracycline
2. Sulfonamides (sulf-): sulfasalazine
3. Cephalosporins (-cef, ceph-): cefazolin, cephalexin
4. Penicillins (-cillin): ampicillin, oxacillin
5. Aminoglycosides/Macrolides (-micin, -mycin): gentamicin, erythromycin
6. Fluoroquinolones (-floxacin): ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin
Antiviral Medications - 1. Antiviral Undefined Group (vir-, -vir): oseltamivir, zanamivir
2. Antiviral Anti-Herpes Virus Agents (-clovir): acyclovir, famiciclovir
3. Antiretrovirals Protease Inhibitors (-navir): atazanavir, nelfinavir
4. HIV/AIDS (-vudine): zidovudine, stavudine
Antifungal Medications - 1. Antifungal (-azole): fluconazole, voriconazole
Anesthetics/Anti-Anxiety Medications - 1. Local Anesthetics (-caine): lidocaine,
bupivacaine
2. Barbiturates CNS Depressant (-barbital): amobarbital, secobarbital
3. Benzodiazepines for Anxiety/Sedation (-zolam, -zepam): alprazolam, lorazepam
Antidepressant Medications - 1. SSRIs (-oxetine, -talopram, -zodone): fluoxetine,
escitalopram, vilazodone
2. SNRIs/DNRIs (-faxine, -zodone, -nacipram): venlafaxine, nefaxodone, milnacipran
3. Tricyclic antidepressants TCAs (-triptyline, -pramine): amitriptyline, clomipramine
Analgesics/Opioid Medications - 1. Opioids (-done, -one): oxycodone, hydromorphone,
fentanyl, codeine
2. NSAIDs (-profen): ibuprofen, fenoprofen
3. Salicylates: aspirin
4. Nonsalicylates: acetaminophen
Upper Respiratory Medications - 1. H1 Antagonists Second-Gen Antihistamines (-
tadine, -tirizine): loratadine, desloratadine, cetirizine, levoceirizine
2. Nasal decongestants (-ephrine, -zoline): phenylephrine, naphazoline, oxymetazoline
Lower Respiratory Medications - 1. Beta2-Agonists Brochodilators (-terol): albuterol,
levalbuterol
2. Xathine Derivatives Bronchodilators (-phylline): aminophylline, dyphylline
3. Cholinergic blockers (-tropium): tiotropium
4. Immunomodulators/Leukotriene Modifiers (-zumab, -lukast): reslizumab, montelukast
Gastrointestinal Medications - 1. Histamine H2 antagonists H2-Blockers (-tidine):
cimetidine, famotidine
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CJE Pharmacology Review

Antibiotic/Antibacterial Medications - 1. Tetracyclines (-cycline): doxycycline, tetracycline

  1. Sulfonamides (sulf-): sulfasalazine
  2. Cephalosporins (-cef, ceph-): cefazolin, cephalexin
  3. Penicillins (-cillin): ampicillin, oxacillin
  4. Aminoglycosides/Macrolides (-micin, -mycin): gentamicin, erythromycin
  5. Fluoroquinolones (-floxacin): ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin Antiviral Medications - 1. Antiviral Undefined Group (vir-, -vir): oseltamivir, zanamivir
  6. Antiviral Anti-Herpes Virus Agents (-clovir): acyclovir, famiciclovir
  7. Antiretrovirals Protease Inhibitors (-navir): atazanavir, nelfinavir
  8. HIV/AIDS (-vudine): zidovudine, stavudine Antifungal Medications - 1. Antifungal (-azole): fluconazole, voriconazole Anesthetics/Anti-Anxiety Medications - 1. Local Anesthetics (-caine): lidocaine, bupivacaine
  9. Barbiturates CNS Depressant (-barbital): amobarbital, secobarbital
  10. Benzodiazepines for Anxiety/Sedation (-zolam, -zepam): alprazolam, lorazepam Antidepressant Medications - 1. SSRIs (-oxetine, -talopram, -zodone): fluoxetine, escitalopram, vilazodone
  11. SNRIs/DNRIs (-faxine, -zodone, -nacipram): venlafaxine, nefaxodone, milnacipran
  12. Tricyclic antidepressants TCAs (-triptyline, -pramine): amitriptyline, clomipramine Analgesics/Opioid Medications - 1. Opioids (-done, -one): oxycodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, codeine
  13. NSAIDs (-profen): ibuprofen, fenoprofen
  14. Salicylates: aspirin
  15. Nonsalicylates: acetaminophen Upper Respiratory Medications - 1. H1 Antagonists Second-Gen Antihistamines (- tadine, -tirizine): loratadine, desloratadine, cetirizine, levoceirizine
  16. Nasal decongestants (-ephrine, -zoline): phenylephrine, naphazoline, oxymetazoline Lower Respiratory Medications - 1. Beta2-Agonists Brochodilators (-terol): albuterol, levalbuterol
  17. Xathine Derivatives Bronchodilators (-phylline): aminophylline, dyphylline
  18. Cholinergic blockers (-tropium): tiotropium
  19. Immunomodulators/Leukotriene Modifiers (-zumab, -lukast): reslizumab, montelukast Gastrointestinal Medications - 1. Histamine H2 antagonists H2-Blockers (-tidine): cimetidine, famotidine
  1. Proton Pump Inhibitors PPIs (-prazole): omeprazole, pantoprazole Antidiabetic Medications - 1. Thiazolidinedione (-glitazone): rosiglitazone, pioglitazone
  2. Inhibitor of DPP-4 Enzyme (-gliptin): sitagliptin, linagliptin Cardiac/Antihypertensive Medications - 1. ACE inhibitors (-pril): enalapril, captopril
  3. Beta-blockers (-olol): metoprolol, nadolol
  4. Angiotensin ll receptor antagonists (-sartan): losartan, olmesartan
  5. Calcium channel blockers (-pine, -amil): amlodipine, verapamil
  6. Vasopressin receptor antagonists (-vaptan): conivaptan, tolvaptain
  7. Alpha-1 blockers (-osin): prazosin, doxazosin
  8. Loop diuretics (-ide, -semide): furosemide, bumetanide
  9. Thiazide diuretics (-thiazide): hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide
  10. Potassium-sparing diuretics (-actone): spironolactone Cardiac/Antihyperlipidemic Medications - 1. HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitor (-statin): simvastatin, rosuvastatin Cardiac Other Medications - 1. Anticoagulant Factor Xa Inhibitor (-xaban): apixaban
  11. Low-molecular-weight heparin LMWH (-parin): enoxaparin, dalteparin
  12. Thrombolytics (-teplase): alteplase
  13. Antiarrythmics (-arone): amiodarone Miscellaneous - 1. Corticosteroids (-asone, -olone, -nide): betamethasone, fluocinolone, amicinonide
  14. Triptans anti-migraine (-triptan)
  15. Ergotamines anti-migraine (-ergot-)
  16. Antiseptics (-chlor): chlorhexidine
  17. Biophosphonates (-dronate): risedronate, alendronate
  18. Neuromuscular blockers (-nium): vecuronium, rocuronium
  19. Retinoids anti-acne (tretin-): tretinoin
  20. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (-afil): tadalafil
  21. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (-lamide, -amide): acetazolamide Therapeutic Level of Digoxin - 0.5-2. Therapeutic Level of Lithium - 0.6-1. Therapeutic Level of Magnesium Sulfate - 4- Antidote for Opioids/Narcotics (ex. oxycodone) - Naloxone (Narcan) Antidote for Warfarin (Coumadin) - Vitamin K Antidote for Heparin - Protamine Sulfate

Contraindications for Nonsalicylates (ex. Acetaminophen) - - Those with liver dysfunction (alcohol use) Antidote for Nonsalicylates - Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) Action for NSAIDs - - Anti-inflammatory

  • Analgesic
  • Antipyretic Uses for NSAIDs - - Mild/moderate pain
  • Menstrual cramps
  • Reduce fever
  • Musculoskeletal disorders (OA or RA) Contraindications for NSAIDs - - Hypersensitivity
  • Clients with clots
  • Clients with liver, kidney, and bleeding disorders Side Effects for NSAIDs - - GI upset (N/V, abdominal pain, anorexia)
  • Heart (HTN and HF)
  • Kidney (nephrotoxic)
  • Blood clots (stroke) Which medications do we "BAN" from asthma patients? - B - Beta Blockers A - Aspirin N - NSAIDs What do opioid analgesics do? - CNS depressant
  • NOT USED FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY OR ANTI-PYRETIC (not for fevers or inflammatory conditions) Side Effects of Opioid Analgesics - - Reduced GI function (constipation)
  • Decrease in vital signs
  • Decrease in CNS functions (sedation, insomnia, weakness, dizziness)
  • Pruritus (itching)
  • Nausea
  • Burning sensation When do you STOP opioid analgesics? - - Respiratory depression (RR < 12)
  • Client is unarousable Nursing Considerations for Opioid Analgesics - - Prevent constipation (exercise, fiber, laxatives)
  • Orthostatic hypotension risk
  • Take PO opioids WITH FOOD to decrease GI upset

Action for Sulfonamides & Fluoroquinolones (sulfa-, -floxacin) - - UTIs (E. coli)

  • Acute otitis media
  • Ulcerative colitis
  • Topical for burn wounds BACTERIOSTATIC Side Effects of Sulfonamides & Fluoroquinolones - - GI UPSET
  • Hematologic Changes (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia) DECREASES
  • Risk for TENDONITIS AND TENDON RUPTURE "Tendon is near the FLOOR" Action/Uses for Penicillin - - UTIs, meningitis, intra-abdominal infections, STIs (syphillis), respiratory infections (pneumonia) BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC Side Effects of Penicillin - - GI UPSET
  • Glossitis Nursing Considerations for Penicillin - - Makes oral contraceptive ineffective ("Penicillin Bumps the Pill")
  • TAKE WITH FOOD Action/Uses for Cephalosporins (cef-) - BACTERIACIDAL KILLS BACTERIA
  • Otitis media
  • Respiratory infections
  • UTIs
  • Bone infections Side Effects for Cephalosporins - - GI UPSET
  • Nephrotoxicity
  • Aplastic Anemia
  • Steven-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) Nursing Considerations for Cephalosporins - - DO NOT DRINK ALCOHOL
  • Make oral contraceptive ineffective Action/Uses of Tetracyclines (-cycline) - - Skin infection/severe acne
  • H. pylori BACTERIOSTATIC Side Effects of Tetracyclines - - GI DISTRESS
  • Stomatitis

Osmotic Diuretic (mannitol) - - Cerebral edema

  • DECREASE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE (IOP) Edema, blurred vision, urinary retension ONLY GIVEN IV MAY CRYSTALLIZE NEURO ASSESSMENT DIURESIS THE BODY - Diuretics = diuresis = dry inside K+ Sparing Diuretics (spironolactone "S think sparing") - SPARES POTASSIUM
  • Cross-sex hormonal therapy (spironolactone inhibits testosterone)
  • Hypertension
  • Hypokalemia HYPERKALEMIA DIARRHEA GYNECOMASTIA (enlargement of breasts in men) AVOID EATING FOODS HIGH IN POTASSIUM MONITOR K+ LEVELS Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drugs (-statin) - - Hyperlipidemia (lowers cholestrol)
  • PREGNANCY CATEGORY X
  • Monitor for signs of RHABDOMYLOLYSIS (kidney damage) LDL - Low Density Lipoprotein BAD CHOLESTEROL HDL - High Density Lipoprotein HAPPY CHOLESTEROL Antihypertensives (Ace Inhibitors -pril) - - Hypertension and HF A - Angioedema C - Cough DRY E - Elevated K+ MONITOR FOR SWELLING Antihypertensives (Beta Blockers -olol) - - Hypertension, stable angina, HF, dysrhythmias THE B'S OF BETA BLOCKERS
  • Bradycardia and heart Blocks
  • Breathing problems
  • Bad for HF
  • Blood sugar masks s/s of hypoglycemia
  • Blood pressure lowered Hypotension Antihypertensives (Calcium Channel Blockers -dipine) - "Very Nice Drugs"
  • Verapamil
  • Nifedipine
  • Diltiazem LOWER HR AND BP DO NOT DRINK W GRAPEFRUIT JUICE Anticoagulants (Warfarin) - PREVENTS CLOTTING LONG-TERM THERAPY NOT SAFE DURING PREGNANCY Antidote: Vitamin K+ RISK FOR BLEEDING Anticoagulants (Heparin) - SHORT-TERM THERAPY
  • NOT GIVEN PO SAFE DURING PREGNANCY Antidote: Protamine Sulfate Cardiac Glycosides (DIGOXIN) - - HF, cardiogenic shock, antiarrythmic (a-fib) 0.8-2. TOXICITY
  • GI symptoms (N/V, diarrhea)
  • Visual symptoms (yellow/green vision, halo, blurred)
  • Neurological symptoms (headache) MEASURE APICAL PULSE FOR 1 MIN BEFORE ADMIN Hold med if:
  • adults - <60 bpm
  • children - <70 bpm
  • infants - <90-110 bpm
  • Confusion
  • Coma CONTRAINFICATED IN PREGNANCY/BREASTFEEDING AVOID NSAIDS DEHYDRATED PATIENTS Antidepressants (SSRIs) - talopram, - oxetine - - Depression, anxiety, OCD, eating disorders The S's of SSRIs
  • Serotonin Syndrome
  • Sexual dysfunction
  • Stomach issues Serotonin Syndrome
  • Mental changes, increased BP and temp, tightness in muscles, difficulty walking FIRST LINE FOR DEPRESSION May take 4-6 weeks for effects and take in the AM Antidepressants (SNRIs/DNRIs) - faxine, buproprion - - Depressive episodes, anxiety disorders, fibromyalgia, diabetic neuropathy pain Make take 4-6 weeks for effects DO NOT MIX WITH TCAs or MAOIs Antidepressants (TCAs) -triptyline, -pramine - - Depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, OCD, neuropathy, enuresis May take 2-3 weeks WAIT 14 days after being off MAOIs Antidepressants (MAOIs) -promine, phenelzine - DEPRESSION RISK FOR HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS Can take 4 weeks AVOID FOODS WITH TYRAMINE (aged cheese, fermented, chocolate, caffeine, yogurt) Antianxiety (Anxiolytics) -zolam, -zepam - BENZODIAZEPINES - - Bipolar disorder, seizures, alcohol withdrawal, anxiety acute GABA
  • DRY MOUTH, N/V

MUST BE TAPERED OFF DO NOT STOP SUDDENLY

  • Risk for dependence and tolerance Antipsychotics FIRST GEN (-promazine, haloperidol) - HIGHER RISK OF TD (tardive dyskinesia), EPS (extrapyramidal syndrome), AND NMS (neuroleptic malignant syndrome) May take 6-10 weeks Antipsychotics (Atypical SECOND GEN) -risperidone, -pine - - Lower risk of TD, EPD, and NMS Lexothyroxine - THINK THYROID
  • Hypothyroidism, etc RISK OF HYPERTHYROIDISM (tachycardia, weight loss, anxiety) May take 8 weeks Monitor T4 and T3 levels TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH Levothyroxine is a Life Long therapy! Antithyroid (Methimazole) - INHIBITS thyroid hormones
  • Hay fever, rash, parasthesias Systemic Adverse Reactions
  • RISK FOR AGRANULOCYTOSIS AND DRUG-INDUCED HEPATITIS LIVER VALUES! NOT SAFE DURING PREGNANCY - Propylthiouracil preferred Antithyroid (Propylthiouracil PTU) - "PTU Prevent thyroid from being Up"
  • Hyperthyroidism, Grave's disease May take 1-2 weeks REPORT SIGNS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM COULD CAUSE THYROID STORM DO NOT ABRUPTLY STOP Rapid Acting Insulin - Lispro (Humalog), Aspart (Novolog), Glulisine (Apidra) HIGHEST RISK FOR HYPOGLYCEMIA

Caclitonin (Salmon) - HORMONE Hypocalcemic agent!!! DECREASES!! Inhibits OSTEOCLASTS INTRANASAL ROUTE