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DIBRUGARH UNIVERSITY
UNDER GRADUATE SYLLABUS UNDER SEMESTER SYSTEM
ZOOLOGY MAJOR PROGRAMME
Objective: The main objective of the course is to provide in-depth knowledge about bio-
diversity, their development and interaction with environment. The study of Physiology, Endocrinology, Cell Biology and Molecular Biology has been included to provide in-depth knowledge of the subject courses on instrumentation and techniques including Biostatistics, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics are included to provide the students with recent development in the field of biology.
EXAMINATION:
There shall be 27 (twenty seven) papers; 14 (fourteen) theory and 13 (thirteen) practical papers in zoology. 20% of marks each of theory and practical papers shall be evaluated as Internal Assessment (IA).The distribution of courses and marks will be as follows:
SEMESTER PAPER TITLE OF THE PAPER MARKS IA End Sem
TOTAL
I ZooMT-^101 Non-chordate diversity and^ Systematics^12 48 ZooMP- 102 Practical based on ZooMT- (^101 08 32 )
II ZooMT-^201 Biochemistry^12 48 ZooMP- 202 Practical based on ZooMT- (^201 08 32 )
III
ZooMT- 301 Chordate diversity and Comparative Anatomy
ZooMP- 302 Practical based on ZooMT- (^301 08 32 ) ZooMT- 303 Bioinstrumentation & Biostatistics (^12 48 ) ZooMP- 304 Practical based on ZooMT- 303 08 32 40
IV
ZooMT- 401 Cell Biology, Histology and Histochemistry
ZooMP- 402 Practical based on ZooMT- (^401 08 32 ) ZooMT- 403 Developmental Biology (^12 48 ) ZooMP- 404 Practical based on ZooMT- (^403 08 32 )
V
ZooMT- 501 Genetics and Evolution (^12 48 ) ZooMP- 502 Practical based on ZooMT- (^501 08 32 ) ZooMT- 503 Animal Physiology (^12 48 ) ZooMP- 504 Practical based on ZooMT- (^503 08 32 ) ZooMT- 505 Environmental Biology and Wildlife (^12 48 ) ZooMP- 506 Practical based on ZooMT- (^505 08 32 ) ZooMT- 507 Endocrinology 12 48 60 ZooMP- 508 Practical based on ZooMT- (^507 08 32 )
ZooMT- 601 Parasitology and Ethology (^12 48 )
VI
- ZooMP- 602 Practical based on ZooMT- 601 08 32
- ZooMT- 603 Molecular Biology and Immunology 12 48
- ZooMT- 604 Biotechnology and Bioinformatics 12 48
- ZooMP- 605 Practical based on ZooMT- 603 and 604 13 52
- ZooMT- 606 Economic Zoology 12 48
- ZooMP- 607 Practical based on ZooMT- - Course Total marks =
- Preparation of permanent slides & mounting of minimum five suitable non-chordate specimens and their submission.
- Study of morpho-taxonomy of locally available animal. SCHEME OF THE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION : Time: 4 hrs.
- Dissection 9
- Preparation of permanent mounting 4
- Identification 4
- Morphotaxonomy 5
- Practical record book 5
- Viva voce 5 Total 32
SEMESTER-II
ZooMT- 201: Biochemistry
Marks: 12 (IA) + 48 (End Sem) = 60 42 lecture hours
Unit- 1: Laws of thermodynamics and their application in biochemistry; free energy change in biochemical systems; ATP and other high-energy phosphates as energy carrier; concept of redox systems Basic principles of biological chemistry; water, acid, base, pH^ and buffers. Unit- 2: Structure and classification of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids and lipids; levels of organization of proteins. Unit -3: General concept of metabolism- Glycolysis; Krebs cycle; electron transport system (ETS) and ATP synthesis; β-oxidation of fatty acids Unit- 4: Enzymes- nomenclature, IUB classification, kinetics and mechanism of action; enzyme inhibition; Vitamins (source and functions) and co-enzymes. Unit -5: Structure and forms of DNA and RNA; DNA as genetic material, DNA replication, genetic code, Transcription
ZooMP- 202: Practical based on ZooMT- 201 Marks: 8 (IA) + 32 (End Sem) = 40 20 lecture hours
- Preparation of molar, normal and buffer solution.
- Qualitative test for carbohydrate to identify the common monosaccharides and disaccharides.
- Essay of enzyme urease/ peroxidase by titrimatric method.
- Estimation of ascorbic acid in lemon/milk.
- Separation of amino acid using paper chromatography.
SCHEME OF THE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION : Time: 4 hrs.
- Biochemical test/ solution preparation 8
- Biochemical estimation/ essay of enmzyme 14
- Practical record book 5
- Viva voce 5 Total 32
SEMESTER-III
ZooMT- 301: Chordate diversity and Comparative anatomy
Marks: 12 (IA) + 48 (End Sem) = 60 42 lecture hours
Unit – 1: General characters of Chordata and classification upto class; Classification of protochordata up to orders; general characters of hemichordata, urochordata and cephalochordata; larval forms and their significance in chordate phylogeny; affinities of protochordates. Unit – 2: Distinctive characters of Petromyzontia, Chondrichthyes & Dipnoi; Classification of Osteichthyes upto orders with examples; Ammocoete larva and its importance in evolution; structures of gills, accessory/respiratory organs and swim bladders of fish; sense organs; locomotion, migration and parental care in fish. Unit – 3: Distinctive characters and classification of Amphibia upto orders with examples; parental care, metamorphosis and neoteny in amphibia; distinctive characters and classification of Reptilia upto orders with examples; anatomical peculiarities and affinities of Sphenodon ; poisonous snakes of India; biting mechanisms of poisonous snakes. Unit – 4: General characters and classification of Aves upto super orders with examples; mechanisms of bird flight; perching mechanism; flight adaptation in bird; migration in birds; General characters and classification of Mammalia upto orders with examples; affinities of monotremata and marsupilia; dentition in mammals; echo-location in bats; adaptation of aquatic mammals. Unit – 5: Comparative anatomy of integument- fish, reptile and mammals, pectoral and pelvic girdles of tetrapoda; brain and cranial nerves in amphibia and mammals; comparative account of alimentary, circulatory and reproductive system in reptiles, birds and mammals.
ZooMP- 302: Practical based on ZooMT- 301 Marks: 8 (IA) + 32 (End Sem) = 40 20 lecture hours
- Dissection of the following vertebrate system. Scoliodon: Efferent branchial vessels, internal ear, 9th^ and 10th^ cranial nerves; Weberian ossicles of carp/ catfish.
- Identification of vertebrate specimens/models with reasons: Pyrosoma, Salpa, Doliolum, Oikopleura, Myxine , Sting ray, Hammer headed shark, Pristis , Electric ray, Tiger shark, Pipe fish, Protopterus , Hemiramphus , Ribbon fish, Sucker fish, Mugil , Eel, Belepthalamus, Ichthyophis , Colisa, Scatophagus , Amphipneus, Glossogobius, Mystus, Harpodon, Tetraodon, Cryptobranchus, Axolotol larva, Ambystoms, Necturus, Amphiuma, Typhlops , Krait, Viper, Pit viper, Hydrophis, Natrix , Sea Snake, Tryonix, Chelone , Leathery, Turtle, Myna , parrot,crow, monotremes and marsupials, chiroptera, primates.
- Preparation of permanent slides & mounting of minimum five suitable slides of vertebrate’s exoskeleton (scale, feather etc.)
- Viva voce 5 Total 32 SEMESTER-IV
ZooMT- 401: Cell Biology, Histology & Histochemistry
Marks: 12 (IA) + 48 (End Sem) = 60 42 lecture hours
Unit-1: Overview of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; structure and functions of cell organelles- mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, ribosome, Golgi bodies, nucleus, structure and functions of plasma membrane (lipid bilayer model); extra cellular matrix; receptor mediated endocytosis. Unit-2: Structure and functions of chromosome; polytene and lamp brush chromosomes; chromatin- molecular organization, nucleosome, DNA packaging in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, heterochromatin and euchromatin; models of chromosomal movements. Unit-3: Cell cycle- molecular events in different phases, regulation of cell cycle; normal and malignant cell growth; cell division (mitosis and meiosis); programmed cell death (apoptosis). Unit-4: Basic concept of cell signalling (endocrine, paracrine and autocrine signalling); second messengers; function of cell surface receptors- G protein-coupled receptors and G-proteins. Unit–5: Histological methods- basic principles of fixation, dehydration, embedding, sectioning and spreading; types of staining; vital staining; classification and properties of dyes; metachromatic dyes and staining; animal tissues- types and functions; histological structure of muscles, epithelium, bone, lung, kidney, liver, stomach and intestine of mammals.
ZooMP- 402: Practical based on ZooMT- 401 Marks: 8 (IA) + 32 (End Sem) = 40 20 lecture hours
- Study of mitosis in tadpole tail, onion root tip
- Meiosis in testes of grass hopper or cockroach
- Histochemical localization of following: a. General lipid by Sudan black B method. b. Metachromatic substances by Toluidine blue method.
- Histological preparation of liver, stomach, intestine, kidney, pancreas, testes and ovary of vertebrates and submission of slides.
SCHEME OF THE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION :
Time: 4 hrs.
- Cell biology experiment 8
- Preparation of histochemical slide 4
- Spotting (histological slide) 6
- Submission of histological slide 4
- Practical record book 5
- Viva voce 5 Total 32
ZooMT- 403: Developmental Biology
Marks: 12 (IA) + 48 (End Sem) = 60 42 lecture hours
Unit-1: Gametogenesis- formation of gametes (spermatogenesis; oogenesis); structure, maturation and growth of sperm and ovum; vitellogenesis. Unit-2: Fertilization- types and mechanism of fertilization; mono and polyspermy; parthenogenesis. Unit-3: Cleavage and gastrulation- cleavage pattern, blastulation and gastrulation in chick; fate maps; fate of germ layers; primary organisers, induction, property and mechanism of action of inductive substances. Unit-4: Organogenesis – development of sense organs (eyes and ears). Unit -5: Extra embryonic membranes in birds and placentation in mammals.
ZooMP- 404: Practical based on ZooMT- 403 Marks: 8 (IA) + 32 (End Sem) = 40 20 lecture hours
- Study of permanent slides of different embryonic stages of frog/toad.
- Study of permanent slides of developmental stages in chick embryo.
- Submission of permanent stained preparation of (at least two stages up to 72 hrs. development stages) chick embryo.
SCHEME OF THE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION :
Time: 4 hrs.
- Embryological slide preparation 10
- Spotting (embryological slide) 10
- Submission of slide 2
- Practical record book 5
- Viva voce 5 Total 32
SEMESTER-V
AAA Project work carrying 15 marks^ be allotted^ to each student^ at the beginning of the 5th^ Semester. The Report to be submitted in the Paper ZooMP- 605 of 6th Semester. The Project report will have to reflect the qualities of scientific investigations (experimental or observational) with specific Title, Aim and Objectives, Review of literature, Material and methods, Collection and analysis of data and its representation, Conclusion and Reference.
ZooMT- 503: Animal Physiology
Marks: 12 (IA) + 48 (End Sem) = 60 42 lecture hours
Unit-1: Muscle and its contraction- molecular composition of myofilaments; sarcoplasmic reticulum and T- tubules; mechanism of muscle contraction; characteristic of muscle twitch- isometric and isotonic contractions; summation and tetanus. Unit-2: Digestion- site and sequence of digestion; digestive secretions and their regulation; mechanism of digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids; role of gastro-intestinal hormones, balanced diet Unit-3: Excretion- structure and functions of nephron; renal blood supply; mechanism and regulation of urine formation; renal failure and dialysis Unit-4: Circulation- coronary circulation; origin and conduction of cardiac impulse; cardiac cycle; cardiac output and its regulation; disorders of cardio-vascular system; haemostasis; respiration- structure and functions of haemoglobin; O 2 and CO 2 transport by blood; regulation of respiration; carbon monoxide poisoning; tracheal respiration in insects. Unit-5: Nervous system- neurons, resting membrane potential and its basis, action potential and its propagation in myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibre; types of synapses and synaptic transmission; neuro-transmitters- their release and action; neuro- muscular junction; types of reflexes; reflex activity; reflex arc; physiology of vision; addictive drugs-types; drug addiction- causes, physiological effects; social implications.
ZooMP- 504: Practical based on ZooMT- 503 Marks: 8 (IA) + 32 (End Sem) = 40 20 lecture hours
- Determination of R.Q. of cockroach/Goroi fish.
- Recording of heart beat of frog by kymograph.
- Preparation of haemin crystals.
- Demonstration of knee jerk reflex.
- Demonstration of osmosis using toad/frog urinary, bladder/alimentary canal.
- Recording of muscle twitch.
- Qualitative test of salivary amylase.
- RBC and WBC counting by haemocytometer.
SCHEME OF THE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION : Time: 4 hrs.
- Physiological experiment I 12
- Physiological experiment II (blood) 10
- Practical record book 5
- Viva voce 5 Total 32
ZooMT- 505: Environmental Biology and Wildlife
Marks: 12 (IA) + 48 (End Sem) = 60 42 lecture hours
Unit-1: Concepts pertaining to ecosystem, species, community, biome and ecotone; biotic and abiotic environmental factors and their effect on animals; trophic relations and energy flow. Unit-2: Shelfords law of tolerance; Liebig’s law of minimum; concept of productivity; population structure and dynamics; exponential and logistic growth; r and k strategies and multidimensional niche concept; Lotka-Volterra model; natality and mortality; predator & prey relationship. Unit-3: Biogeochemical cycles (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and hydrological cycles); Renewable and non-renewable resources of N.E. India and strategy for their sustainable utilization; basic concept of remote sensing and EIA. Unit-4: Environmental pollution (water, air and soil); bioindicators in pollution studies; ecological succession; ecological backlash; greenhouse effect; ozone layer depletion and its impact. Unit-5: IUCN status of species category; important endangered species of N.E. India - rhinoceros, tiger, golden langur, dancing deer, river dolphin, pigmy hog, white winged wood duck and golden mahseer ( Tor spp.); threats to biodiversity; man- wildlife conflict; ex-situ and insitu conservation strategies; major national parks of NE India; concept of biosphere reserve and biodiversity hot spot; Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
ZooMP- 506: Practical based on ZooMT- 505 Marks: 8 (IA) + 32 (End Sem) = 40 20 lecture hours
- Estimation of the size of the population by capture-recapture method (any vertebrate/invertebrate).
- Find out the abundance and density of insect pests in some essential food commodities.
- Determination of dissolved Oxygen/CO 2 /Alkalinity in the water samples.
- Find out the abundance and densities of terrestrial invertebrates/macrophyte associated fauna by Quadrate method.
- Study of structural components of an aquatic/ grassland ecosystem
- Field study: To visit a National park/ Wildlife Sanctuary to study the habitat/ forest types and prepare a full note on it.
SCHEME OF THE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION : Time: 4 hrs.
- Ecological experiment 8
- Estimation 7
- Field study 7
- Practical record book 5
- Viva voce 5
Unit-1: Parasitism; types of parasites, hosts and vectors; pasasitic adaptations and effects on hosts; life history and mode of infection and pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma spp. , Leishmania donovanii, Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis & Plasmodium spp. Unit-2: General organizations and pathogenosity of bacteria & viruses ( Rickettsia, Borrelia,Treponema & Leptospira ); life history, parasitic adaptation and pathogenicity of Taenia solium, Fasciola hepatica, Ancylostoma duodenale and Wuchereria bancrofti. Unit-3: Vectors of human diseases- Malaria, Yellow fever, dengue, haemorrhagic fever, filariasis, Japanese B-encephalitis & dengue; measures of control of the vectors. Unit- 4: Introduction to animal behaviour; brief history of ethology; patterns of behaviour; sense organs and behaviour; genetical and ecological aspects of behaviour. Unit-5: Different types of orientation and communication in animals; comparative aspects of learning, offensive and defensive behaviour; social behaviour in insects.
ZooMP- 602: Practical based on ZooMT- 601 Marks: 8 (IA) + 32 (End Sem) = 40 20 lecture hours
- Identification of mosquito species causing malaria, encephalitis and dengue fever.
- Study of protozoan parasites (permanent slides)
- Study of geotactic, phototactic, chemotactic and sociotactic behaviour of earthworm, cockroach, Paramecium and fish.
- Study of habituation in mosquito larvae.
SCHEME OF THE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION : Time: 4 hrs.
- Parasitology 12
- Ethology 10
- Practical record book 5
- Viva voce 5 Total 32
ZooMT- 603: Molecular Biology and Immunology
Marks: 12 (IA) + 48 (End Sem) = 60 42 lecture hours Unit-1: Genome organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA as genetic material, structure and functions of DNA & RNA; Watson & Crick Model of DNA; other forms of DNA (A & Z). Unit-2: Replication and transcriptions; genetic code; Wobble hypothesis; protein biosynthesis in prokaryotes. Unit-3: Recombination in prokaryotes; transformation, conjugation and transduction; concept of transposons and plasmids; regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes, operon concept (Lac operon).
Unit-4: Types of immunity; cells and organs involved in immunity; lymphoid organs; antigens, properties of antigens, adjuvant and haptens; antigen-antibody reaction; vaccines and vaccinations. Unit-5: Immunoglobulin: basic structure, classes and functions; clonal selection theory; polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies; major histocompatibility complex- structure and functions; immune system in health and disease; basic concept of immunodiagnostic techniques (immunodiffusion, RIA and ELISA); AIDS.
ZooMT- 604: Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
Marks: 12 (IA) + 48 (End Sem) = 60 42 lecture hours
Unit-1: Introduction, history and scope, basic knowledge of genetic engineering, protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization technique; Basic principles of recombinant DNA technology, cutting, joining and visualization of DNA fragments, cloning vectors and gene cloning; application of DNA technology in agriculture and health; industrial biotechnology with special reference to production of alcohol and antibiotics. Unit-2: Introduction of Omics: basic concept of structural and functional genomics, DNA sequencing, Human genome project; introduction to proteomics and transcriptomics. Unit-3: Regulation of biotechnology: production and application of transgenic animals and plants, Genetically modified Organism, their benefits and risk assessment; IPR, patents and ethical issues related to biotechnology. Unit-4: Fundamentals of bioinformatics: introduction, history and scope of bioinformatics; sources of information, internet world wide web and web browsers; Biological database: introduction, basic concepts of primary and secondary databases; Nucleic acid and protein sequence database (NCBI, gene bank and SWISS- PROT); Data mining and data mining tools (ENTREZ). Unit-5: Database search and sequence alignment, Tools of sequence alignment – FASTA and BLAST; methods of sequence alignment; phylogenetic analysis: basic concept, steps in evaluation of phylogeny and constructing phylogenetic trees.
ZooMP- 605: Practical based on papers ZooMT- 603 and ZooMT- 604 Marks: 13 (IA) + 52 (End Sem) = 65 Project Work = Total= 80 30 lecture hours
- Determination of blood group and Rh factor
- Preparation and demonstration of ball and stick model of Nucleotides.
- Detection / estimation of RNA.
- Immunodiffusion / Blood groping (Ag-Ab reaction).
- Study of Blood Cell types in blood smear slides.
- Histological study of Lymphoid organs.
- Different e-resources and database search.
- Similarity search in sequence such as BLAST / FASTA.
- Creation of databases.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED (for all Papers)
- Arora, D.R. and B. Arora: Medical Parasitology.
- Austin, C.R. and R.V. Shoot : Reproduction in Mammals, Cambridge Univ. Press.
- Ayyar: A manual of Zoology Part I.: L.
- Ayyar: A Manual of Zoology Part II : E.
- Bailey, N.T.J.: Animal Taxonomy, English Language Society, 1959.
- Blackwelder, R.E.: A Text and Reference Book: Taxonomy, John Wiley, N. Y. 1967.
- Chandler, A.C. and C.P. Read: Introduction to Parasitology, Wiley Easte Prittd.
- Colber: Evolution of Vertebrate.
- Conn, B.E.E. and E.H. Cordes: Outline of Biochemistry.
- Croxton, E.E.: Elementary statistics with application in Medicine and Biological Sciences, Doner publication.
- Cunninghum, W.P. and B.W. Saigo: Environmental Science, McGraw hill. 1989.
- De Roberts, E.D. P. and E.M.F. De Roberts.: Cell & Molecular Biology
- Gardner, E.J.: Principles of Genetics, John Wiley, N.Y. 1972.
- Garg, K. , I. Bahl & M.A. Kaul: Text Book of Histology, CBS publishers.
- Ghose, M.R.: Concept of Insect Control, Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi 1989.
- Giese, A.C.C. : Cell Physiology, Boxwood, 1975.
- Gilbert, S.F.: Developmental Biology, Sinaeur Associates Inc. Publishers, 2003.
- Guiton, A.C.: Functions of Human Body, 6th^ Edn. W.B. Saunders Co. Tokyo.
- Haucourt, Cohn: Elements of Cytology.
- Jordan, E.L.: Zoology of Chordates.
- Kent, G.C. and R.K. Carr: Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates, Tata McGraw Hill.
- Knobil, E. (eds): Physiology of Reproduction, Raven Press Ltd.
- Kormondy, B.J.: Concept of Ecology, Prentice Hall, ND 1976.
- Kotpal, R. L., A. Agarwal and Khetrapal: Modern Text Book of invertebrate Zoology.
- Lodish, H. et al : Molecular Cell Biology, W.H. Freeman & Co. Tokyo.
- Lull, R.S.: Organic Evolution, Light & Life Publishers, New Delhi, 1976..
- Mahler, H.R. and E.H. Cordes Biological Chemistry.
- Marshall, A.J. and W.D. Williams: Text Book of Zoology Vol. I Invertebrates.
- Mayer, E.: Principles of Systematic Zoology, McGrew Hill, NY, 1969.
- Miller, S.A. and J.B. Harley: Zoology, Tata McGraw Hill Publ. Co.
- Mody, P.A.: Introduction to Evolution, Harper & Raw, NY 1964.
- Odum, B.P. : Fundamental of Ecology, W.B. Saunders, Toftan Co. Tokyo
- Odum, Eugene, P.: Fundamentals of Ecology, W.B. Saunders 1971.
- Parker, T.J. and W.A. Haswall: Text Book of Zoology (Vertebrates); ELBS & McMillan,
- Pedigo, L.P.: Entomology & Pest Management, Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 1996.
- Prasad, S.N.: Chordate Zoology, Kitab Mahal.
- Primrose, T.O.: Principles of Gene Manipulation, Blackwell, Oxford, 2003.
- Pritom, R.: Biology of Human Reproduction, University Science Books.
- Ridely, M.: Evolution, Blackwell Science, USA, 1996.
- Roberts, E.D.P., W. Nowiski and F. Saez: Cell Biology, W.B. Saunders Co. London.
- Shetty, N.: Immunology: Introduction Book, New Age International, 1996.
- Strickburger, M.W.: Genetics, Mc Millan, NY 1968.
- Taylor, N.B.: The Living Body: A Text Book of Human Physiology.
- Trechan, K.: Biochemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
- Weiohert, E.K.: Comparative anatomy of Chordates, McGraw Hill, NY.
- Winester, A.M.: Genetics, Oxford & IBH.
