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Classical Conditioning: Understanding the Connection between Stimuli and Responses, Lecture notes of Human Development

Cleary UniversityHuman Development

An in-depth exploration of classical conditioning, a learning process that links a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. various aspects of classical conditioning, including the role of contiguity and contingency, the process of extinction, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination.

What you will learn

  • How does the process of extinction work in classical conditioning?
  • What is the definition of classical conditioning?
  • What is stimulus generalization and how does it relate to classical conditioning?

Typology: Lecture notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/12/2022

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EDS 248 Human Development and Learning
Stephen E. Brock, Ph.D., NCSP 1
Classical Conditioning
EDS 248
Stephen E. Brock, Ph.D.,NCSP
Stimulus > Response SR Theory
Displeasure
Sleep
Exhaustion
Startle
Pain
Pleasure
Salivation
(Involuntary, automatic, reflexive reactions)(Possible triggers of the UCR)
UCRUCS
Classical conditioning is based on the premise that certain
stimuli automatically trigger certain responses.
Stimulus > Response SR Theory
DispleasureNausea
SleepFatigue
ExhaustionStrenuous exercise
StartleLoad noise
PainInjury
PleasureExercise, intoxication, sex
SalivationFood, food smells
(Involuntary, automatic, reflexive reactions)(Possible triggers of the UCR)
UCRUCS
Classical conditioning is based on the premise that certain
stimuli automatically trigger certain responses.
pf3
pf4
pf5

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Classical Conditioning

EDS 248

Stephen E. Brock, Ph.D.,NCSP

Stimulus > Response SR Theory

Displeasure

Sleep

Exhaustion

Startle

Pain

Pleasure

Salivation

(Possible triggers of the UCR) (Involuntary, automatic, reflexive reactions)

UC S UC R

Classical conditioning is based on the premise that certain

stimuli automatically trigger certain responses.

Stimulus > Response SR Theory

Nausea Displeasure

Fatigue Sleep

Strenuous exercise Exhaustion

Load noise Startle

Injury Pain

Exercise, intoxication, sex Pleasure

Food, food smells Salivation

(Possible triggers of the UCR) (Involuntary, automatic, reflexive reactions)

UC S UC R

Classical conditioning is based on the premise that certain

stimuli automatically trigger certain responses.

Classical Conditioning

Bunny Startle

C S = C R

N S + UC S = UC R

Bunny Loud Noise Startle

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired

with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Overtime this

association changes the NS to a conditioned stimulus

(CS). This occurs when the CS elicits the same response

as the UCS [a conditioned response (CR)]

Classical Conditioning

School Anxiety office

C S = C R

N S + UC S = UC R

School Punished Anxiety office

„ A NS (office) is paired with an UCS (punishment).

„ Overtime this association changes the NS to a CS.

„ This occurs when the CS (office) elicits the UCR (anxiety).

The UCR is now referred to as a CR.

Classical Conditioning

„ Occurs when two stimuli are presented at about the same time. „ For a NS to become a CS it is most effective if it is presented just before the UCS. „ Contiguity may, however, be overly simplistic. „ Contingency is perhaps more important. The potential conditioned stimulus must occur only when the UCS is going to follow. „ Sometimes one pairing is enough for the learning/conditioning to take place. „ The more noticeable the NS, the more likely it is to become a CS. „ Some stimuli are more naturally associated (e.g., food and nausea, playground and school, etc.). This is referred to as associative bias. „ Characteristics of the NS affect the degree to which it becomes and CS. The more noticeable the NS (the principal’s office is very unique) the more likely it is to become a CS „ Classical condition is now thought to involve cognitions.

Stimulus Generalization

Fuzzy things Startle

N S 2 / C S 2 UC S = C R 2

N S 1 / C S 1 + UC S = C R 1

Rabbit Noise Startle

NS that are similar to the CS may also generate a CR.

The more similar a NS is to a given CS, the greater the

likelihood of generalization

May increase over time.

Stimulus Discrimination

No loud No fear noises

Fuzzy things

N S 2 ≠ C S 2 + No UC S = N S 2 ≠ C R 2

N S 1 = C S 1 + UC S = N S 1 = C R 1

Rabbit Loud noise Fear

Present the similar stimuli (that has become a CS) without the

UCS.

The organism learns or is conditioned to expect that the UCS

will not occur.

Higher Order Conditioning

C R 2

Pain

C S 2 =

School

C R

Pain

C S 1 =

Failure

N S 2 +

School

C R 1

Pain

C S 1 =

Failure

UC R

Pain

UC S =

Abuse

N S 1 +

Failure

Sensory Preconditioning

C R

Fear/pain

C S 2 =

School

N S 2 

School

C R

Fear/pain

C S 1 =

Playground

UC R

Fear/pain

UC S 1 =

School Shooting

N S 1 +

Playground

N S 2

School

N S 1 +

Playground

Eliminating Conditioned

Responses

„ Extinction

„ Counterconditioning

„ Systematic Desensitization

Conclusion

School Work Frustration Anxiety

Teacher Failure Anxiety

School Punishment Fear/Pain

Unconditioned Response

Unconditioned Stimuli

Neutral Stimuli

In the school setting it is very easy for a variety of NS to

be associated with UCS

Further, CRs can be very durable and difficult to eliminate.

This emphasizes the importance of setting children up for

early school success.