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Classification Test for Hydrocarbons in Organic Chemistry, Cheat Sheet of Chemistry

A classification test for various hydrocarbon samples, including benzene, heptane, hexane, and distilled water. The test involves physical observations such as odor and color, as well as chemical tests to determine solubility in concentrated sulfuric acid, combustibility, the presence of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, aromaticity, and basic oxidation. The results of these tests are recorded and analyzed to classify the hydrocarbon samples. Likely intended for use in an organic chemistry laboratory course, providing students with hands-on experience in identifying and characterizing different types of hydrocarbons through a series of systematic tests and observations.

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2023/2024

Uploaded on 10/24/2024

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Hydrocarbon Classification Tests
Classification Test for Hydrocarbons
Physical Properties
| Sample | Odor | Color | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | Rubber-like | Colorless | |
Heptane | Acetone-like | Colorless | | Hexane | Alcohol-like | Colorless | |
Distilled Water (d.H2O) | None | Colorless |
Solubility in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
| Sample | Reagent | Result | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | 10 gtt. of H2SO4 |
Presence of yellow layer | | Heptane | - | Immiscible | | Hexane | - |
Immiscible | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | - | Insoluble |
Combustibility Test
| Sample | Color of the Flame | | --- | --- | | Benzene | Orange with black soot |
| Heptane | Blue without soot | | Hexane | Blue without soot | | Distilled
Water (d.H2O) | Inflammable |
Test for Active Unsaturation
Baeyer's Test
This test determines the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds and
carbon-carbon triple bonds. A positive result is indicated by the presence of
brown suspensions.
| Sample | Reagent | Result | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | 2 gtt. of 2% KMnO4 |
Few | | Heptane | - | Trace | | Hexane | - | Solution per se became brown | |
Distilled Water (d.H2O) | - | Few |
Bromine Test
This test is for the presence of unsaturated carbons and phenols. A positive
result is indicated by a change in color.
| Sample | Reagent | Result | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | 10 gtt. Bromine in
CCl4 | Colorless | | Heptane | - | Colorless | | Hexane | - | Colorless | |
Distilled Water (d.H2O) | - | Colorless |
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Hydrocarbon Classification Tests

Classification Test for Hydrocarbons

Physical Properties

| Sample | Odor | Color | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | Rubber-like | Colorless | | Heptane | Acetone-like | Colorless | | Hexane | Alcohol-like | Colorless | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | None | Colorless |

Solubility in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)

| Sample | Reagent | Result | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | 10 gtt. of H2SO4 | Presence of yellow layer | | Heptane | - | Immiscible | | Hexane | - | Immiscible | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | - | Insoluble |

Combustibility Test

| Sample | Color of the Flame | | --- | --- | | Benzene | Orange with black soot | | Heptane | Blue without soot | | Hexane | Blue without soot | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | Inflammable |

Test for Active Unsaturation

Baeyer's Test

This test determines the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds. A positive result is indicated by the presence of brown suspensions.

| Sample | Reagent | Result | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | 2 gtt. of 2% KMnO4 | Few | | Heptane | - | Trace | | Hexane | - | Solution per se became brown | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | - | Few |

Bromine Test

This test is for the presence of unsaturated carbons and phenols. A positive result is indicated by a change in color.

| Sample | Reagent | Result | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | 10 gtt. Bromine in CCl4 | Colorless | | Heptane | - | Colorless | | Hexane | - | Colorless | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | - | Colorless |

Test for Aromaticity

Nitration

This process involves adding a nitrogen group to an organic substrate. A positive result is indicated by the presence of an oily layer.

| Sample | Reagent | Result | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | 5 gtt. HNO3 (nitrating mixture) | (+++) | | Heptane | - | (++) | | Hexane | - | (+) | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | - | (-) |

Note: Samples were heated in a water bath for 10 minutes.

Basic Oxidation Test

A positive result is indicated by the presence of precipitates.

| Sample | Reagent | Result | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | 10 gtt. 2% KMnO4, 3 gtt. NaOH | (-) | | Heptane | - | (-) | | Hexane | - | (-) | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | - | (-) |

Note: Samples were heated in a water bath for 10 minutes.