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A classification test for various hydrocarbon samples, including benzene, heptane, hexane, and distilled water. The test involves physical observations such as odor and color, as well as chemical tests to determine solubility in concentrated sulfuric acid, combustibility, the presence of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, aromaticity, and basic oxidation. The results of these tests are recorded and analyzed to classify the hydrocarbon samples. Likely intended for use in an organic chemistry laboratory course, providing students with hands-on experience in identifying and characterizing different types of hydrocarbons through a series of systematic tests and observations.
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| Sample | Odor | Color | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | Rubber-like | Colorless | | Heptane | Acetone-like | Colorless | | Hexane | Alcohol-like | Colorless | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | None | Colorless |
| Sample | Reagent | Result | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | 10 gtt. of H2SO4 | Presence of yellow layer | | Heptane | - | Immiscible | | Hexane | - | Immiscible | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | - | Insoluble |
| Sample | Color of the Flame | | --- | --- | | Benzene | Orange with black soot | | Heptane | Blue without soot | | Hexane | Blue without soot | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | Inflammable |
Baeyer's Test
This test determines the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds. A positive result is indicated by the presence of brown suspensions.
| Sample | Reagent | Result | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | 2 gtt. of 2% KMnO4 | Few | | Heptane | - | Trace | | Hexane | - | Solution per se became brown | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | - | Few |
Bromine Test
This test is for the presence of unsaturated carbons and phenols. A positive result is indicated by a change in color.
| Sample | Reagent | Result | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | 10 gtt. Bromine in CCl4 | Colorless | | Heptane | - | Colorless | | Hexane | - | Colorless | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | - | Colorless |
Nitration
This process involves adding a nitrogen group to an organic substrate. A positive result is indicated by the presence of an oily layer.
| Sample | Reagent | Result | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | 5 gtt. HNO3 (nitrating mixture) | (+++) | | Heptane | - | (++) | | Hexane | - | (+) | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | - | (-) |
Note: Samples were heated in a water bath for 10 minutes.
A positive result is indicated by the presence of precipitates.
| Sample | Reagent | Result | | --- | --- | --- | | Benzene | 10 gtt. 2% KMnO4, 3 gtt. NaOH | (-) | | Heptane | - | (-) | | Hexane | - | (-) | | Distilled Water (d.H2O) | - | (-) |
Note: Samples were heated in a water bath for 10 minutes.