Download CLINICAL CHEM TEST BANK (FINAL EXAM) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RA and more Exams Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity!
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+
- The combination of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) and CYFRA 21-1 test results can be used to provide reliable laboratory data for the differential diagnosis of which disease?
A. Nonsquamous cell lung carcinoma
B. Pancreatic cancer
C. Liver cancer
D. Pulmonary embolism - CORRECT ANSWERS A. Nonsquamous cell lung carcinoma
- "A progressive systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptible to fracture" describes which of the following diseases?
A. Osteosarcoma
B. Osteoporosis
C. Renal osteodystrophy
D. Paget's disease - CORRECT ANSWERS B. Osteoporosis
- A markedly elevated serum AFP is associated with which of the following?
A. Ovarian cancer
B. Lung cancer
C. Hepatoma
D. Breast cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS C. Hepatoma
- Which of the following is a sialylated Lewis blood group antigen associated with colorectal cancer?
A. CA 125
B. CA 15- 3
C. PSA
D. CA 19- 9 - CORRECT ANSWERS D. CA 19- 9
- Which of the following biomarkers are elevated in advanced stages of breast cancer?
A. Total and free PSA
B. CEA and alpha-fetoprotein
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+
C. CA 15-3 and CA 549
D. DUPAN-2 and Gastrin - CORRECT ANSWERS C. CA 15-3 and CA 549
- Which tumor marker is associated with cancer of the urinary bladder?
A. CA 125
B. CA19- 9
C. CA 50
D. Nuclear matrix protein - CORRECT ANSWERS D. Nuclear matrix protein
- What is the primary clinical usefulness of measuring carcinoembryonic antigen?
A. Diagnosis of lung cancer
B. Diagnosis of colorectal cancer
C. Screening for breast cancer
D. Monitoring for recurrence of colon cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS D. Monitoring for recurrence of colon cancer
- Which of the following is used to assess the usefulness of trastuzumab (Herceptin®) therapy for breast cancer?
A. CA 15- 3
B. HER-2/neu
C. CA 125
D. Prolactin - CORRECT ANSWERS B. HER-2/neu
- Which type of hCG test would be most useful to assess a person suspected of having testicular cancer?
A. Plasma immunoassay for intact hCG and the β-hCG subunits
B. Plasma immunoassay fro the free alpha and β-hCG subunits
C. Urine assay for hCG-β core
D. Plasma immunoassay for intact hCG only - CORRECT ANSWERS A. Plasma immunoassay for intact hCG and the β-hCG subunits
- Which of the following biomarkers is elevated in nonmucinous epithelial ovarian cancer?
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+
- Which statement below best describes the molecular difference between free PSA (fPSA) and complex PSA (cPSA)?
A. Free PSA is bound by compounds such as ACT, PCI, API, or AMG
B. Free PSA is an active form that can complex with protease inhibitors
C. Free PSA is not bound by compounds such as ACT, PCI, API, or AMG
D. Free PSA cannot be detected in serum, whereas complex PSA can - CORRECT ANSWERS C. Free PSA is not bound by compounds such as ACT, PCI, API, or AMG
- The production of alpha fetal protein (AFP) in a healthy individual is best reflected by which of the following statements?
A. The production of AFP remains the same through life
B. The production of AFP declines rapidly at birth and healthy adults and children have negligible or undetectable levels in serum
C. The production of AFP declines rapidly at birth and healthy adults and children have higher than normal levels in serum
D. The production of AFP declines rapidly at birth and healthy adults and children have negligible or undetectable levels in serum - CORRECT ANSWERS D. The production of AFP declines rapidly at birth and healthy adults and children have negligible or undetectable levels in serum
- In which of the following disorders would the maternal serum level of 1-fetoprotein be elevated?
A. Neural tube defect.
B. Cardiac ischemia.
C. Down syndrome.
D. Small cell lung carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWERS A. Neural tube defect
- A new test for breast cancer is found to have a sensitivity of 85.0% and a specificity of 90.0%. If the prevalence of breast cancer is 3.5% in women over 45 years old, what is the predictive value of a positive test result (PV+) in this group?
A. 60.
B. 50.
C. 30.
D. 23.6 - CORRECT ANSWERS D. 23.
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+
- Nuclear matrix protein-22 (NMP) is a tumor marker designed for what purpose?
A. Test for recurrence of bladder cancer
B. Test for recurrence of lung cancer
C. Test for recurrence of bone cancer
D. Test for recurrence of colorectal cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS A. Test for recurrence of bladder cancer
- Which molecular form(s) is/are measured by an intact β-hCG assay?
A. hCG core and "nicked" hCG or hCGn
B. The whole molecule
C. Only "nicked" hCG or hCGn
D. α-hCG and free β-hCG subunits - CORRECT ANSWERS B. The whole molecule
- Diagnostic specificity is defined as which of the following?
A. The probability that a laboratory test will be positive in the absence of disease
B. The probability that a laboratory test will be negative in the absence of disease
C. A measure of how often the assay system detects the biomarker when the disease is present
D. The probability that a disease is present when the test is positive or that a disease is absent when a test is negative - CORRECT ANSWERS B. The probability that a laboratory test will be negative in the absence of disease
- Which of the following electrolyte measurements would be of clinical usefulness to the clinician who is treating patients for pregnancy-induced hypertension?
A. Ionized calcium
B. Potassium
C. Magnesium
D. Phosphorus - CORRECT ANSWERS C. Magnesium
- Ionized or free calcium is clinically useful for which of the following reasons?
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+
B. pH and temperature
C. Magnesium concentration
D. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide - CORRECT ANSWERS B. pH and temperature
- If the pH of a sample decreases, what is the predicable response to the serum magnesium concentration?
A. The concentration will increase 1 mmol/L for each whole unit of pH change
B. The concentration will not be altered
C. The concentration will decrease
D. The concentration will increase - CORRECT ANSWERS D. The concentration will increase
- Which of the following statements best illustrates the diagnostic criteria for primary hyperparathyroidism?
A. No serum PTH detected and no serum calcium detected
B. Detectable amounts of serum PTH concomitant with elevated total serum calcium
C. Elevated total serum calcium only
D. A normal levels of serum PTH and serum calcium - CORRECT ANSWERS B. Detectable amounts of serum PTH concomitant with elevated total serum calcium
- Which of the following feedback mechanisms regulate the production of 1, 25(OH) 2D3?
A. Negative feedback mechanism associated with circulating levels of calcium and inorganic phosphorus.
B. Negative feedback mechanism associated with circulating levels of calcitonin.
C. Negative feedback mechanism associated with circulating levels of magnesium.
D. Positive feedback mechanism associated with circulating levels of calcium and inorganic phosphorus. - CORRECT ANSWERS A. Negative feedback mechanism associated with circulating levels of calcium and inorganic phosphorus.
- Which of the following is an effect of increased parathyroid secretion?
A. Decreased intestinal absorption of calcium
B. Increased intestinal absorption of calcium
C. Decreased blood calcium levels
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+
D. Decreased bone resorption - CORRECT ANSWERS B. Increased intestinal absorption of calcium
- Which of the following laboratory results reflects a patient diagnosed with rickets as a result of a dietary deficiency of vitamin D?
A. Increased serum total calcium, decreased serum total alkaline phosphatase, increased serum inorganic phosphorus
B. Decreased serum PINP, decreased serum TRAP, decreased serum DPD
C. Normal serum PINP, normal serum TRAP, normal serum DPD
D. Increased serum PINP, increased serum TRAP, Increased serum DPD - CORRECT ANSWERS D. Increased serum PINP, increased serum TRAP, Increased serum DPD
- Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium all have which of the following in common?
A. They all exist in circulation as only free or ionized forms.
B. They all exist as free or ionized forms, bound to proteins and complexes to radicals to form salts.
C. Calcium exist as bound and free only, phosphorus exits only as bound and complexes to radical to form salts and magnesium exists as free or ionized forms, bound to proteins and complexes to radicals to form salts.
D. Calcium blood levels are regulated by parathyroid hormones, phosphorus is regulated by testosterone, and magnesium is regulated by insulin. - CORRECT ANSWERS B. They all exist as free or ionized forms, bound to proteins and complexes to radicals to form salts.
- A blood specimen is received in the laboratory from a maternity patient in the obstetric unit with blood magnesium ordered by the attending physician. The serum magnesium levels is 5.90 mmol/L (RI = 3.0 - 5.0 mmol/L).). Which of the following explains the elevated serum magnesium?
A. The patient has primary hyperparathyroidism
B. The patient has had a massive heart attack
C. The patient is on magnesium sulphate intravenous infusion because she is experiencing pre eclampsia
D. The patient has Paget's disease - CORRECT ANSWERS C. The patient is on magnesium sulphate intravenous infusion because she is experiencing pre eclampsia
- Which of the following is considered a significant problem with using biomarkers of bone turnover in the management of patients with osteoporosis in a clinical setting?
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+
C. P-nitrophenylphospate
D. Alkaline picrate - CORRECT ANSWERS B. Cresolphthalein complexone
- Which of the following is an example of a controllable preanalytical variable associated with specimen collection for bone biomarker testing?
A. Diet
B. Age
C. Gender
D. Fractures - CORRECT ANSWERS A. Diet
- Pyridinoline, carboxy, amino-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase are all examples of which of the following?
A. Biomarkers of osteoblast conversion to osteroclast
B. Biomarkers of formation
C. Biomarkers of resorption
D. Cancer antigens associated with bone tumors - CORRECT ANSWERS C. Biomarkers of resorption
- Which of the following compounds promote osteoclast formation?
A. Bisphosphonate
B. 1, 25-dihydroxy Vitamin D
C. Calcitonin
D. Osteoprotegerin {OPG} - CORRECT ANSWERS B. 1, 25-dihydroxy Vitamin D
- Heat inactivation and chemical inhibition are two methods used to measure which of the following analytes?
A. Acid phosphatase isoenzymes
B. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes
C. Creatine kinase isoenzymes
D. Osteocalcin - CORRECT ANSWERS B. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+
- Measuring RANK and/or RANKL may be useful for assessing which of the following conditions?
A. Dwarfism
B. Bone fractures
C. Bone cancer
D. Shin splints - CORRECT ANSWERS B. Bone fractures
- Which of the following instruments can measure calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in blood samples?
A. Fluorometer
B. Osmometer
C. Atomic absorption spectrometer
D. Refractometer - CORRECT ANSWERS C. Atomic absorption spectrometer
- Biomarkers of bone formation include which of the following?
A. Hydroxproline
B. Carboxyl-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen
C. Bone sialoprotein
D. Osteocalcin - CORRECT ANSWERS D. Osteocalcin
- Which hormone is not produced by the placenta?
A. Estriol
B. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
C. Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
D. Progesterone - CORRECT ANSWERS C. Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
- Pituitary gigantism is associated with which of the following?
A. Growth (GH) deficiency
B. GH excess
C. Hypercorticolism
D. Hypeprolactinemia - CORRECT ANSWERS B. GH excess
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+
C. Catecholamines
D. Estrogens - CORRECT ANSWERS C. Catecholamines
- Pheochromocytoma is a benign or malignant tumor arising from which of the following?
A. Bile caniculi
B. Trophoblastic cells
C. Neurochromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla
D. Follicular cells of the thyroid - CORRECT ANSWERS C. Neurochromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla
- Which metabolite is most often increased in carcinoid tumors?
A. 5-Hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA)
B. 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG)
C. 3-Methoxydopamine
D. Homovanillic acid - CORRECT ANSWERS A. 5-Hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA)
- Which of the following is NOT a metabolite of catecholamines?
A. Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG)
B. Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
C. Homovanillic acid (HMA)
D. Monoiodothyronine - CORRECT ANSWERS D. Monoiodothyronine
- Thyroid hormones are derived from which of the following amino acids?
A. Phenylalanine
B. Methionine
C. Tyrosine
D. Histidine - CORRECT ANSWERS C. Tyrosine
- Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are decreased in which of the following diseases or conditions?
A. Primary hyperthyroidism
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+
B. Primary hypothyroidism
C. Primary parathyroidism
D. Hyperpituitarism - CORRECT ANSWERS A. Primary hyperthyroidism
- There is no endocrine hormone from which of the following chemical classes?
A. Proteins
B. Amino acids
C. Steroids
D. Glycated hemoglobins - CORRECT ANSWERS D. Glycated hemoglobins
- TSH is secreted by which of the following?
A. Anterior pituitary
B. Posterior pituitary
C. Hypothalamus
D. Thyroid gland - CORRECT ANSWERS A. Anterior pituitary
- Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?
A. Thyrocalcitonin
B. Serotonin
C. Glucagon
D. ACTH - CORRECT ANSWERS D. ACTH
- Which of the following describes the hypothalamic hormones?
A. They act as inhibitor of selected enzyme reactions
B. They act indirectly on endocrine glands
C. They act as releasing hormones on the pituitary
D. They are all glycoproteins - CORRECT ANSWERS C. They act as releasing hormones on the pituitary
- Unconjugated estriol may be decreased in which of the following?
A. Fetal anencephaly
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+
B. T
C. MIT
D. Reverse T3 - CORRECT ANSWERS A. T4 (thyroxine)
- Which of the following does NOT release steroid hormones?
A. Ovaries
B. Pituitary gland
C. Testes
D. Adrenal cortex - CORRECT ANSWERS B. Pituitary gland
- Primary hypothyroidism may be due to which of the following?
A. Damage to the thyroid gland
B. Inherited conditions
C. Removal or ablation of the thyroid gland
D. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWERS D. All of the above
- Which of the following is described as a smooth muscle stimulant and vasoconstrictor?
A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. Serotonin
D. Deoxycorticosterone - CORRECT ANSWERS C. Serotonin
- The principle method used to measure hormone levels in blood in most clinical laboratories is:
A. Gas chromatography.
B. Thin layer chromatography.
C. Electrophoresis.
D. Immunoassays. - CORRECT ANSWERS D. Immunoassays.
- Once produced, the thyroid hormones are stored as thyroglobulin in which of the following?
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+
A. Epithelial cell wall of the follicle
B. Colloid
C. Isthmus of the thyroid gland
D. Extracellular space of the thyroid gland - CORRECT ANSWERS B. Colloid
- In a patient with suspected primary hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease), one would expect the following laboratory serum results: total T4 ____FT4____, and TSH_____.
A. Increased, decreased, increased
B. Increased, decreased, decreased
C. Increased, increased, decreased
D. Decreased, decreased, increased - CORRECT ANSWERS C. Increased, increased, decreased
- Free thyroxine assays measure which of the following?
A. Total thyroxine levels
B. Only the bound thyroxine level
C. Only the unbound thyroxine level
D. The sum of the bound and unbound thyroxine - CORRECT ANSWERS C. Only the unbound thyroxine level
- Primary hypothyroidism may be due to all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Pituitary adenoma.
B. Surgical removal of the thyroid gland.
C. Damage to the thyroid gland.
D. Inherited disorder of the thyroid gland. - CORRECT ANSWERS A. Pituitary adenoma.
- All of the following proteins transport thyroid hormones EXCEPT:
A. Thyroxin binding globulin.
B. Gamma globulin.
C. Albumin.
D. Thyroxine binding pre albumin. - CORRECT ANSWERS B. Gamma globulin
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+
c. Duodenum.
d. Large intestine. - CORRECT ANSWERS b. Gall bladder.
- A breakdown product of bilirubin metabolism that is produced in the colon from the oxidation of urobilinogen by microorganisms is:
a. Porphobilinogen.
b. Urobilin.
c. Stercobilinogen.
d. Protoporphyrin.
e. Protoheme. - CORRECT ANSWERS b. Urobilin.
- The enzyme system that catalyzes the conjugation of bilirubin is known as:
a. Leucine aminopeptidase.
b. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
c. Uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucoronyl transferase.
d. Carbamyl phosphate synthetase.
e. Lactate dehydrogenase. - CORRECT ANSWERS c. Uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucoronyl transferase.
- The cells that make up 70% of the liver's mass are:
a. Kupffer cells.
b. Hepatocytes.
c. Endothelial cells.
d. None of the above - CORRECT ANSWERS b. Hepatocytes.
- Which of the statements regarding bilirubin metabolism is true?
a. It is a product of porphyrin metabolism
b. It is reduced to biliverdin before excretion
c. It is produced from the destruction of RBCs
d. It is formed by the hydrolysis of the α-methene bridge of urobilingen - CORRECT ANSWERS c. It is produced from the destruction of RBCs
ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+
- Which is a characteristic of unconjugated bilirubin?
a. It is water-soluble
b. It reacts faster than conjugated bilirubin
c. It has the same absorbance properties as conjugated bilirubin
d. It a not water-soluble - CORRECT ANSWERS d. It a not water-soluble
- The term δ-bilirubin (delta) refers to:
a. Water-soluble bilirubin.
b. Free unconjugated bilirubin.
c. Bilirubin tightly bound to albumin.
d. Direct-reacting bilirubin. - CORRECT ANSWERS c. Bilirubin tightly bound to albumin.
- Kernicterus is the abnormal accumulation of bilirubin in:
a. Heart tissue.
b. Brain tissue.
c. Liver tissue.
d. Kidney tissue.
e. Blood. - CORRECT ANSWERS b. Brain tissue.
- What is the most common cause of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia?
a. Hemolytic anemia
b. Gilbert's disease
c. Bile duct obstruction
d. Dubin-Johnson
e. Neonatal physiologic jaundice - CORRECT ANSWERS e. Neonatal physiologic jaundice
- Which of the following would be classified as prehepatic jaundice?
a. Hepatitis
b. Congestive heart failure
