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Clinical Microbiology for Nurses: Chapter 1 - A Brief History, Exams of Microbiology

York CollegeMicrobiology

A comprehensive set of multiple-choice questions covering the first chapter of bio 2900: clinical microbiology for nurses. It delves into the early years of microbiology, exploring key figures like antoni van leeuwenhoek and louis pasteur, and their contributions to understanding microorganisms. The questions cover topics such as the discovery of microorganisms, the debate over spontaneous generation, and the development of the germ theory of disease. This resource is valuable for students seeking to test their knowledge and reinforce their understanding of the foundational concepts in microbiology.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 01/17/2025

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BIO 2900: CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY FOR NURSES COMPLETE EXAM (
ACCURATE & VERIFIED
Chapter 1 A Brief History of Microbiology
1.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to
A) use a magnifying glass.
B) develop a taxonomic system.
C) view microorganisms and record these observations.
D) disprove spontaneous generation.
E) use the germ theory of disease.
Answer: C
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
Section: The Early Years of Microbiology
Learning Outcome: 1.1
2) Which of the following microbes are likely to be the swiftly moving "animalcules" observed
by Leeuwenhoek in pond water?
A) fungi
B) protozoa
C) algae
D) viruses
E) fungi and algae
Answer: B
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Section: The Early Years of Microbiology
Learning Outcome: 1.2
3) Which of the following statements about fungi is INCORRECT?
A) Fungi are eukaryotes.
B) Molds are multicellular.
C) Fungi have a cell wall.
D) Fungi are photosynthetic.
E) Yeasts are unicellular.
Answer: D
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology
Learning Outcome: 1.3
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BIO 2900: CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY FOR NURSES COMPLETE EXAM (

ACCURATE & VERIFIED

Chapter 1 A Brief History of Microbiology

1.1 Multiple Choice Questions

  1. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to A) use a magnifying glass. B) develop a taxonomic system. C) view microorganisms and record these observations. D) disprove spontaneous generation. E) use the germ theory of disease. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Section: The Early Years of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  2. Which of the following microbes are likely to be the swiftly moving "animalcules" observed by Leeuwenhoek in pond water? A) fungi B) protozoa C) algae D) viruses

E) fungi and algae Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Early Years of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  1. Which of the following statements about fungi is INCORRECT? A) Fungi are eukaryotes. B) Molds are multicellular. C) Fungi have a cell wall. D) Fungi are photosynthetic. E) Yeasts are unicellular. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology

  1. Which of the following is an accurate description of viruses? A) They are visible with a light microscope. B) They are the smallest known cells. C) They are composed of protein only. D) They are typically about the size of prokaryotic cells. E) They are acellular obligatory parasites. Answer: E Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Early Years of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  2. Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing? A) protozoa; multicellular B) fungi; cell walls C) algae; aquatic and marine habitats D) prokaryotes; no nuclei E) viruses; acellular parasites Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Early Years of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  3. A tiny (less than 2 micrometers) new organism is discovered living in a boiling hot "mud pot" (a type of mud spring). It is most likely a member of the A) algae. B) archaea. C) fungi. D) protozoa. E) viruses. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis Section: The Early Years of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  4. Parasitic worms, even meters-long tapeworms, are studied in microbiology because A) they are parasites. B) diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples. C) the Gram stain can be used to identify them. D) Leeuwenhoek first discovered them. E) no one else wants to study them. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Early Years of Microbiology

  1. Which of the following questions largely stimulated the research of microbes during what is known as the Golden Age of Microbiology? A) How should living organisms be classified? B) How do genes work? C) How can microorganisms be seen? D) How are microbes related? E) What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible? Answer: E Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  2. Aristotle was an early natural philosopher who formulated the A) theory of natural selection. B) germ theory of disease. C) theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenesis). D) theory of "magic bullets." E) scientific method. Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  3. Which of the following scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation? A) Pasteur B) Needham C) Redi D) Buchner E) Spallanzani Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  4. Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Pasteur's experiments to disprove spontaneous generation? A) The necks of the flasks he used were bent into an S-shape. B) He boiled the infusions to kill any microbes present. C) The flasks were incubated for very long periods of time. D) The flasks were free of microbes until they were opened. E) The flasks he used were sealed with corks. Answer: E Bloom's Taxonomy: Application Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  5. What is the correct order for the steps in the scientific method?

I. Conduct experiment. II. Develop a hypothesis. III. Analyze results. IV. Accept or reject hypothesis. A) I, II, III, IV B) IV, III, II, I C) I, III, II, IV D) II, I, III, IV E) There is no specific order required. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  1. What must one have before designing and conducting experiments? A) a theory B) a hypothesis C) scientific law D) popular opinion E) a complete set of data Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  2. Pasteur's experiments on fermentation laid the foundation for A) industrial microbiology. B) epidemiology. C) immunology. D) abiogenesis. E) antisepsis. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology

A) demonstrating the role of microbes in fermentation. B) developing methods for isolation and identification of bacteria. C) demonstrating that hand washing can reduce the spread of disease. D) providing evidence for rejecting the theory of spontaneous generation. E) demonstrating certain chemicals are toxic to bacteria but not humans. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  1. What was the first disease shown to be bacterial in origin? A) yellow fever B) cholera C) anthrax D) malaria E) tuberculosis Answer: C Bloom's Taxonomy: Application Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  2. What is the correct order for the application of Koch's postulates? I. Inoculate suspect agent into test subject and observe that subject develops disease of interest. II. Isolate and culture suspect agent in the laboratory. III. Find suspect agent is every case of disease of interest but not in healthy hosts. IV. Recover and isolate suspect agent from test subject. A) III, I, IV, II B) IV, I, III, II C) I, II, III, IV D) III, II, I, IV E) IV, I, II, III Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology

  1. Identification of bacteria in the laboratory usually begins with the for placement in one of two large groups of bacteria. A) Koch's stain B) Gram stain C) Pasteur fermentation test D) Petri stain E) Ehrlich magic test Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  2. Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery? A) Nightingale B) Snow C) Ehrlich D) Lister E) Semmelweis Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  3. Semmelweis advocated hand washing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases? A) cholera B) puerperal fever C) smallpox D) anthrax E) syphilis Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  4. John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of the following branches of microbiology? A) infection control only B) epidemiology only C) immunology only D) both infection control and epidemiology E) infection control, epidemiology, and immunology Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology

  1. Edward Jenner's efforts to prevent smallpox provided the foundation for the field of A) etiology. B) immunology. C) chemotherapy. D) molecular biology. E) epidemiology. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  2. The first true vaccine protected against disease caused by a(n) pathogen. A) bacterial B) protozoal C) fungal D) viral E) archaeal Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  3. Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat A) cholera. B) cancer. C) anthrax. D) smallpox. E) syphilis. Answer: E Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  4. Whose search for chemicals that would kill microbes without harming humans was the foundation for chemotherapy? A) Ehrlich B) Koch C) Gram D) Lister E) Pasteur Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology

  1. Who discovered penicillin? A) Fleming B) Ehrlich C) Kitasato D) Pasteur E) Domagk Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  2. What scientist first hypothesized that gene sequences could provide new insights into evolutionary relationships among all organisms (including microbes)? A) Woese B) Avery C) Ehrlich D) Kluyver E) Pauling Answer: E Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Modern Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  3. According to Kluyver and van Niel, which of the following are TRUE of basic biochemical reactions? A) They are shared by all living things. B) There are an unlimited number of them. C) They primarily involve the transfer of electrons and ions. D) Basic biochemical reactions shared by all living things primarily involve transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions. E) They primarily involve transfers of chemical groups. Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Application Section: The Modern Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  4. Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein is an example of A) etiology. B) genetic engineering. C) immunology. D) microbial genetics. E) gene therapy. Answer: B Bloom's Taxonomy: Application Section: The Modern Age of Microbiology

  1. Recent estimates of the number of microbes on the planet have expanded almost exponentially, but the number of microorganisms isolated in the lab has not increased at the same rate. How can microbiologists justify the higher estimates if they cannot isolate and grow the microbes in the lab? A) New technologies make it possible to detect the nucleic acid sequences of previously unknown organisms. B) Detection of novel enzymes indicates the existence of unidentified microbes. C) Much more powerful microscopes have made it possible to observe and identify huge numbers of microbes that cannot be isolated. D) The huge numbers of diseases without apparent causative agents indicate there are large numbers of unidentified pathogens. E) Previous estimates of the abundance of microbes cannot account for the detectable biomass in most environments. Answer: A Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis Section: The Modern Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  2. The control of infectious disease remains challenging a century after the understanding of infectious disease began. What contributes to the continuing challenge? A) developing resistance to antimicrobial agents B) emerging diseases C) creating microbes using recombinant DNA technology D) both drug-resistant pathogens and emerging diseases E) rapidly growing estimates of the diversity of microbes Answer: D Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Modern Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

1.2 True/False Questions

  1. Microbiologists study only single-celled organisms. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Section: The Early Years of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  2. A microbe with a cell wall and no internal membrane enclosing the DNA is a prokaryote. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Section: The Early Years of Microbiology

  1. Lazzaro Spallanzani was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneous generation of microorganisms. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  2. Louis Pasteur is considered the Father of Microbiology because of the many carefully conducted experiments and observations he made with microbes. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  3. Fermentation requires the presence of living cells. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  4. Koch's postulates can be used only to determine the causes of infectious diseases. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  5. Christian Gram devised a staining technique that divides all bacteria into two groups. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  6. Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of wound infections in health care settings by using chlorinated lime water. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  7. Chemotherapy is the application of weakened pathogens to prevent disease. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology

  1. The work of (Buchner/Ehrlich/Pasteur/Winogradsky) is considered the foundation of the field of biochemistry. Answer: Buchner Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  2. Microbes that cause infectious disease are called (pathogens/germs/viruses). Answer: pathogens Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  3. Ignaz Semmelweis demonstrated the importance of (antisepsis/vaccination/washing) as a means of preventing disease transmission. Answer: washing Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  4. The use of chemicals to treat diseases such as bacterial infections is called (gene therapy/chemotherapy/serology). Answer: chemotherapy Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  5. Research done in Robert Koch's laboratory laid the foundation for (epidemiology/immunology/etiology), the study of the body's defenses against disease. Answer: immunology Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge Section: The Modern Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  6. Organisms such as bacteria that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate are often studied in (environmental/bioremediation/ecologic) microbiology. Answer: environmental Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Modern Age of Microbiology

  1. The development of molecular biology has made possible the application of (genome sequencing/gene sequences/gene sequencing) to provide a better understanding of the relationships between organisms. Answer: gene sequencing Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Modern Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

  2. A (colony/habitat/biofilm) is a community of microbes growing on surfaces. Answer: biofilm Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension Section: The Modern Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.

1.4 Essay Questions

  1. You are a young scientist who has just learned about one of the hot topics in microbiology, biofilms. One aspect of the interest in biofilms is that the microbes living within biofilms appear to behave and function differently from their counterparts not living in a biofilm. Devise a way to explore the idea. (Do not focus on the technical details of how this might be accomplished.) Answer: Many answers are possible. A good answer should have a clear statement of hypothesis and an experimental design that reflects the hypothesis and will provide interpretable quantitative results. An excellent answer may include projections of possible outcomes and/or alternative hypotheses. Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis Section: The Modern Age of Microbiology Learning Outcome: 1.9, 1.

  2. Use the basic steps of the scientific method to describe Pasteur's experiments to investigate spontaneous generation. Answer: The observation that life seemed to appear from non-life led some scientists to believe in the theory of spontaneous generation. However, Pasteur among others believed in biogenesis: that life must come from life. The question Pasteur hoped to answer was "Where do microbes come from?" (step 1). Pasteur's hypothesis (step 2) was that the "parents" of microbes were present in the air on dust particles. In his experiments (step 3) he used swan-necked flasks, which were designed to prevent microbes from entering the sterile broth inside them. He observed that the broth remained sterile in the control flask even though air could move into and out of the flask. The experimental flasks were also swan-necked, but they were tilted to allow the dust that had settled to enter the flask. The control flasks stayed sterile, and the experimental flasks became cloudy. These observations led Pasteur to accept his hypothesis (step 4). He concluded that the microbes came from the dust and that spontaneous generation was therefore not a valid theory. Bloom's Taxonomy: Application Section: The Golden Age of Microbiology