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CM Training AAAE Exam 2023/
Version with complete solution
Where does TSA have regulatory influences and authority within the terminal? ✔Ans✔ 1. Checkpoint operations
- Airport police response to checkpoints and incidents
- Unattended bags
- Unattended vehicles What did the Air Commerce Act (1926) prohibit? ✔Ans✔ Using federal funds to build or improve airports. Works Progress Administration (WPA) ✔Ans✔ Provided 50% of needed funding. Built over 800 new airports. Air Commerce Act of 1926 created what? ✔Ans✔ Aeronautics Branch (soon known as the Civil Aeronautics Admin) under the Dept. of Commerce. Charged with fostering air commerce, establishing air traffic control, licensing for pilots, aircraft certification, establishing airways, and issue and enforce air traffic rules What was the effective beginning of privatized space flight? ✔Ans✔ Final flight of the U.S. space shuttle. What does a GA Reliever airport do? ✔Ans✔ Relieves a Commercial airport from GA traffic. What is the enplanement threshold for commercial service? ✔Ans✔ 2, Large hubs have what percentage of U.S. enplanements? ✔Ans✔ 70% or more of the enplanements
What are the cloud ceiling and visibility requirements for Visual Flight Rules? ✔Ans✔ Cloud ceiling: 1,000' Visibility requirements: 3 miles "1000 and 3" What is the entity who is responsible for airport governance? ✔Ans✔ The Airport Sponsor. What is the most common airport ownership type in the U.S.? ✔Ans✔ Municipalities (cities and counties) Who sets standards for security access control systems? ✔Ans✔ The Radio Technical Commission on Aeronautics How many days are required for the Notice of Proposed Rule-Making? ✔Ans✔ 30 days What is the directive to FAA personnel on specific subjects and programs? ✔Ans✔ The FAA Order What is the method the FAA has found to be the best to extend federal policy to local government units? ✔Ans✔ Grant Assurances What is 14 CFR Part 13 Investigation and Enforcement ✔Ans✔ The informal complaint system that is filed with the Airport District Office. FAA will investigate and offer to help resolve. If the sponsor is in violation, the FAA provides the opportunity to comply. A Notice of Noncompliance may be issued if the FAA believes the airport is non-compliant. The letter will identify the apparent violation(s), specifies corrective action(s), and gives a deadline. What is 14 CFR Part 16 Rules of Practice for Federally-Assisted Airport Enforcement Proceedings ✔Ans✔ The formal complaint system that is filed in Washington DC. It involves financial compliance and reasonable and nondiscriminatory access, but includes all obligations in the Grant Assurances and property deeds. Formal agency finding regarding the compliance status of an airport.
What is the benefit of grant assurances to the airport user? ✔Ans✔ Ensures adequate level of safe and effective service What are examples of non-aeronautical revenue sources? ✔Ans✔ Concessions, parking lot charges, rental cars, advertising space, industrial park Is a payment to a municipality in excess of the cost acceptable? (eg for police or fire service) ✔Ans✔ No. This is an example of a revenue diversion. What is the most common aeronautical charge at a commercial service airport? ✔Ans✔ Landing fees. Based on per operation and per weight basis; relatively small portion of an airline operating costs, yet highly contentious during negotiations. What is the FAA's position on the airport fee and rental structure for aeronautical services? ✔Ans✔ Rates and fees must be as self-sustaining as possible. What is the FAA's position on the airport fee and rental structure of non-aeronautical services? ✔Ans✔ Rates and fees should be Fair Market Value. What type of agreement between the airlines and the airport puts the airlines at the most risk? ✔Ans✔ Residual What was the Air Mail Act of 1925, also known as the Kelly Act, and what did it do? ✔Ans✔ Authorized the Postmaster General to contract for domestic airmail service with commercial air carriers Only those who use aviation would pay for it Who began the first U.S. air freight service (between Detroit and Chicago)? ✔Ans✔ Henry Ford
Who carried out most of the commercial related aviation activities before the Air Mail Act? ✔Ans✔ The US Army carried mail for the post office What is a Fixed Based Operator? ✔Ans✔ FBOs were originally fuel and rest stops for pilots. The buildings were then turned into terminals as aviation grew. What is the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE)? ✔Ans✔ Established in 1928. First airport management trade organization. Consisted of 10 airport directors attending the National Air Races at mines Field (now LAX). Adopted first professional accreditation standards in 1954. Provides lobbying, regulatory services, training, accreditation, and other professional development programs. What was the Aeronautics Branch was reorganized and restructured into? ✔Ans✔ Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) under the Dept of Commerce What did the Civil Aeronautics Admin (CAA) split into, and what were the duties of each branch? ✔Ans✔ CAA maintained Air Traffic Control, Pilot and aircraft certification, Safety enforcement, and Airway development Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) ensured safety rules, conducting aircraft accident investigations, economic regulation of the airlines, approving air routes, and regulating airfares What was the Development of Landing Areas for National Defence (DLAND) appropriation? ✔Ans✔ Secretary of War and Commerce & Secretary of the Navy could acquire land for airport development needed for the war effort. 986 airports built in the US.
Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 ✔Ans✔ Created the Airport Improvement Program where 75 - 90% of a project is covered by federal money. Reorganized the National Airport Plan as the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS), establishing airport categories of commercial and GA. Why was the Transportation Security Administration started? ✔Ans✔ In response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Vision 100 - Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act of 2003 ✔Ans✔ Endorsed Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). Multi-faceted series of initiatives designed to make air travel more efficient, secure, and safer. What are the new challenges in aviation? ✔Ans✔ 1. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
- Commercial space transportation industry
- Cybersecurity and integration of NextGen and UAV operations What is the National Airport Plan as the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS)? ✔Ans✔ Identifies public use airports eligible for federal funds that are critical to US safety. "Wishlist" of what the airport is eligible for. Criteria: airports must be publicly accessible, be commercial service (2,500 enplanements), be a GA reliever, have a USPS contract, be an National Guard base, or meet other conditions. How many airports are there in the US, how many are public use, and how many are on the NPIAS? ✔Ans✔ 19,360 nation wide 5,148 public use 3,345 on NPIAS What percentage of worldwide aviation is in the US? ✔Ans✔ 40%
What three primary measurements does the FAA use on airports? ✔Ans✔ Enplanements - a passenger boarding a commercial service aircraft or transferring to another commercial service flight Operations - an aircraft taking off or landing Cargo - measured in annual tonnage moved through the airport What is hub size dependent on? ✔Ans✔ percentage of enplanements. A large hub accounts for 70% of passenger enplanements. How many enplanements are needed to be a Primary commercial service airport? ✔Ans✔ Over 10, What are the 5 types of airports in the US? ✔Ans✔ Private - no federal funds Commercial service Cargo service General Aviation and General Aviation Reliever Military What are the four types of GA Airports? ✔Ans✔ National (very high levels of activity, approx 200 based aircraft) Regional (high levels of activity, approx 90 based aircraft) Local (moderate levels of activity, approx 33 based aircraft) - "backbone" of GA Basic (low levels of activity, approx 10 based aircraft) What are the three types of military airports? ✔Ans✔ Pure military - entirely owned by DOD, and is not regulated by the FAA or TSA. Joint-Use - owned by DOD, both military and civilian aircraft share the airfield, but space is leased for the commercial service airport.
Pilot in command has the final say on if the flight goes or not (power of the parking break) Where is Class A airspace? ✔Ans✔ Between 18,000 and 60,000 feet Requires Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Air Traffic Control separation Flight plan is required No VFR allowed What are Visual Flight Rules (VFR)? ✔Ans✔ See and avoid Flight plan may not be required Lower than 18,000 feet Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) - 1000 feet ceiling and 3 miles visibility What are instrument departure procedures? ✔Ans✔ Used to transition aircraft out of terminal area airspace. Allow the pilot to follow a defined flight path to intercept an en route flight path. What are instrument landing approach charts? ✔Ans✔ AKA approach plates. Used by pilots to provide guidance down to the runway or air traffic control pattern. What is Standard Terminal Arrival Route (STAR)? ✔Ans✔ Procedures used to move aircraft into terminal airspace for transition to landing; STARs are used to simplify communication and understanding during approaches and allows air traffic control to bring aircraft in through arrival gates. What are the three types of runway approaches? ✔Ans✔ 1. Visual - approved when the ceiling is 1,000' or greater, and the visibility is 3 statute miles or greater
- Non-precision - uses one or more NAVAIDs that provide lateral positioning
- Precision - uses NAVAIDs that provide lateral and vertical positioning
What is an instrument approach plate? ✔Ans✔ AKA approach chart. A published flight path that ensures clearance over obstacles, sets minimum descent altitudes, and includes procedures for a missed approach. What are the two primary obligations of airport operators? ✔Ans✔ 1. Responsibility to the FAA to operate the airport as an essential component of the national aviation system.
- Responsibility to the local community to minimize negative impacts of the airport's operation. What is an Enterprise Fund? ✔Ans✔ A branch of government that operates like a business. Advantages and disadvantages of a municipal airport. ✔Ans✔ Advantages - generally better access to municipal resources and funding, such as human resources, purchasing, etc; General Obligation bonds; power to tax; power of eminent domain. Disadvantages - policy makers have less time to spend on airport issues; conflict of interest in decision making; artificial fiscal and personnel constraints. Municipalities that seek to maintain control of the airport, but desire more guidance and expertise, may create an Advisory Board. Advantages and disadvantages of an Airport/Port Authority ✔Ans✔ Created through enabling legislation by a municipality, level of authority through legislation (make decisions). Advantages - focused leadership and specialized attention; insulate the management and operation from political influences; serve a metropolitan community better through shared representation or equitable taxation; more business focused; on-scene decision making. Disadvantages - resources and finances may not be readily available in the quantities or levels necessary to provide support. Port Authority operates other forms of transportation or industry.
What are FAA's major roles? ✔Ans✔ 1. regulating civil aviation to promote safety.
- Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new technology.
- Developing and operating an air traffic control system and navigation for both civil and military aircraft.
- Researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil aeronautics.
- Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation.
- Regulating the US commercial space transportation. What are the 4 lines of FAA business? ✔Ans✔ 1. ARP: Office of Airports (Airport District Office, AIP, Part 139, and Alternative Dispute Resolution)
- ATO: Air Traffic Organization (air traffic control and NAVAIDS)
- AVS: Aviation Safety (pilot and aircraft certification, Flight Standards District Office)
- AST: Office of Commercial Space Transportation What are Advisory Circulars? ✔Ans✔ Explain intent of a federal regulation Provide guidance and information on a subject Show an acceptable method of competence May be required if "incorporated by reference" What is the Transportation Research Board's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP)? ✔Ans✔ Peer reviewed research on airport management topics, including safety, planning, and operations. What is the National Safe Skies Alliance Program for Applied Research in Airport Security (PARAS) ✔Ans✔ Peer reviewed research on airport security topics What does the Radio Technical Commission on Aeronautics regulate? ✔Ans✔ Standards for security access control systems
What two documents does the TSA put out? ✔Ans✔ Security Directives - "have to", provide direction to change security requirements Information Circulars - "don't have to", provide best practices and other information What are Grant Assurances? ✔Ans✔ Promises the sponsor makes when it accepts federal money. Trace back to the AP-4 agreements, the Surplus Property Act, commitments in environmental documents, or litigation. Effective means for the FAA to extend federal policy to local governmental units. Balance three public interests: better manage local affairs, meet FAA requirements that money is spent for public air transportation, and they promote social objectives (eg DBE). Good for 20 years, life (if property), or life of an asset. Managed through the Airport Compliance Manual. Risk losing federal funds by being placed on the Airport Noncompliance list if the airport doesn't adhere to them. Grant Assurances essentially cover what? ✔Ans✔ 1. Maintain the airport in good and serviceable condition.
- Use specific lands for non-aero use to generate revenue to support aviation needs.
- Operate the airport in the public interest
- Ensure the airport operator does not grant an exclusive right to any aero-use tenant for any aero purpose or use. How can the FAA or aero user report the airport for non-compliance of grant assurances? ✔Ans✔ File a Part 13 or Part 16 complaint. What is airport law? ✔Ans✔ A phrase used to describe a collection of FAA regulations, adjudications, various statutes, Grant Assurances, ACs, and court decisions. What four hats does the FAA wear? ✔Ans✔ 1. Regulator
- "Gift giver" in the form of FAA grants
- "Permission giver"
National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) ✔Ans✔ Represents companies who rely on general aviation aircraft to help make their businesses more efficient, productive, and successful; 11, members. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) ✔Ans✔ Non-profit organization dedicated to GA pilots and aircraft owners. Notable programs are Airport Watch and Airport Support Network. National Air Transportation Association (NATA) ✔Ans✔ Represents aviation businesses such as FBOs, Specialized Aviation Service Operators (SASO), and other provider Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) ✔Ans✔ Represents manufacturers and suppliers of civil, military, and business aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial systems, space systems, and aircraft engines, as well as provides security detection technology at airports. National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO) ✔Ans✔ Represents employees of state government aviation agencies. National Air Traffic Controllers Association (NATCA) ✔Ans✔ Represents over 20,000 controllers, engineers, and other safety-related professionals at FAA, DOD, and some privately-contracted air traffic control facilities Helicpoter Association International (HAI) ✔Ans✔ Provides support and advocacy to helicopter operators Airport operators must remember what two concepts? ✔Ans✔ They are running a public entity that is also a business entity (that is heavily regulated by the FAA, TSA, and EPA) What are the two types of airport land? ✔Ans✔ On-airport and off-airport What are the two types of on-airport land? ✔Ans✔ Aeronautical and non-aeronautical. The FAA must give permission to reclassify aero land as non-aero.
Grant Assurance #20, Hazard Removal and Mitigation ✔Ans✔ Requires the airport to protect the airspace around the airport, including approach paths The airport must attempt to reduce or eliminate incompatible land through what methods? ✔Ans✔ 1. Airport Master Plans - integration with local zoning and community plans
- Adopt ordinances restricting incompatible land development and limit the height of structures
- Noise compatibility studies
- Educate zoning and planning entities
- Develop or allow concurrent land use (eg agriculture in RPZ) Residential development around airports ✔Ans✔ 1. FAA strongly opposes
- FAA will not release land if it's for residential development
- FAA will not release land for through-the-fence agreements
- Not all residential is created equal (single family - good for safety, bad for noise; multi-family - good for noise, bad for safety) Consequences of incompatible land use ✔Ans✔ May be:
- Displaced thresholds
- Increased risk of aircraft accidents
- lost instrument approaches
- airport closure Most airport conflicts are in what group? ✔Ans✔ Non-aeronautical use of the airport Grant Assurance #19, Operations and Maintenance ✔Ans✔ Requires the airport to be operated at all times in a SAFE and SERVICEABLE condition What are minimum standards ✔Ans✔ Regulating activities on the airport; they must be applied uniformly, not be unjustly discriminatory, and reasonably protect aviation businesses from unreasonable competition.
Through the fence ✔Ans✔ FAA generally believes a Through the fence agreement denies an airport's rights and powers (Grant Assurance #5). Strongly prohibited They are not subject to Minimum Standards What are the 3 types of airport revenue? ✔Ans✔ Aeronautical - services related directly and substantially to the movement of passengers, baggage, mail, and cargo. Non-aeronautical - services related to those operations and uses that are incidental to the operation of aircraft. Non-operating - relates to taxes on personal property or possessory interest, grant monies, Passenger Facility Charges (PFC) and Customer Facility Charges (CFC) Fuel Flowage fee ✔Ans✔ Airport charges a percentage on the amount of fuel pumped at the airport, including self-fueling operations Land Lease and Terminal Rent Agreements for Aeronautical Use Space ✔Ans✔ Hangar and terminal space leasing and leasing land for aero development (eg ticket counter, baggage claim areas) Non-aeronautical revenue sources ✔Ans✔ Terminal rents to concessions, rental car fees, parking lot charges, advertising space, industrial park 2 ways a community benefits from having an airport? ✔Ans✔ 1. Economic benefits from new money that comes into the community via air.
- Job creation (and hence more taxable income) Grant Assurance #25, Airport Revenues ✔Ans✔ Restricts the use of airport revenue generated by the airport and local taxes on aviation fuel, to be expended for capital or operating costs of the airport, local airport system, or other facilities owned or operated by the airport sponsor which directly and
substantially relate to the actual air transportation of passengers or the property or noise mitigation efforts. What are 8 ways of diverting revenue? ✔Ans✔ 1. General economic development for the municipality, or using fees or airport land/resources to benefit the community
- Marketing and promotional activities not related to the airport.
- Payment in Lie of Taxes (PILOTS) that exceed the value of the services
- Payments to compensate municipalities for lost tax revenues
- Loans or investments of airport money at less than the prevailing interest rate
- Use of land for free or nominal rents for aero purposes (some exceptions are allowed)
- Rent of land for non-aero purposes at less than fair market value
- The direct subsidy of air carriers (certain exceptions allowed) What are 8 allowable uses of airport revenue? ✔Ans✔ 1. Capital and operating costs
- Promotional expenditures related to air travel
- Cooperative airline-airport marketing expenses
- Reimbursements to sponsors for capital or operating costs
- Support of community activities that promote or are related to the airport
- Certain mass transit projects located on airport property
- Costs incurred by governments for services to the airport (eg fire, police)
- Lobbying and attorney fees that support the airport Grant Assurance #26, Reports and Inspections ✔Ans✔ Requires sponsors to annually report their budget Who must submit Form 5100-126, Financial Government Payment Report, and Form 5100-127, Operating and Financial Summary. ✔Ans✔ Commercial service airports enplaning 2,500 or more passengers Grant Assurance #24, Fee and Rental Structure ✔Ans✔ Requires the sponsor to set fees, lease rates, and other charges so that the airport is as self-sustaining as possible. Airports may NOT set rents, fees,
