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Rhetoric of Aristotle ✔✔Ethos, Pathos, Logos
Ethos ✔✔Power that comes form the credibility of the speaker
- good sense: intellectual knowledge about material they are presenting
- good moral character: honest and trustworthy
- goodwill: social: speaker represents and cares about the listeners
Logos ✔✔*logical or rational appeal of the message itself, including its content, structure, and style
*the power of the message itself, contributes to the effectiveness of persuasion
Pathos ✔✔*emotional appeal by playing to the audiences interest and values
*anything that connects the message to the listeners in a way that influences those listener's attitudes and disposition towards the message itself
Cicero and the Practice of Rhetoric ✔✔Invention, Arrangement, Style, Memory, Delivery
Invention ✔✔selecting and performing investigative research upon a given topic
Arrangement ✔✔devising an effective structure or arrangement for the speech
Style ✔✔*considering language you will use to convey your message including word choice, sentence structure, and possible presentation aids
*virtues: clarity, correctness, vividness, appropriateness
Memory ✔✔learning your material well enough to be able to move on to be able to deliver the speech without extensive use of notes
Delivery ✔✔the manner with which a speaker physically and vocally presents the speech
Transactional Model of Communication ✔✔*expands upon the linear model of communication by recognizing and incorporating the notion that we serve as a sender and receiver of messages simultaneously
*includes: sender, receiver, message, feedback, channel, environment, noise, encoding/decoding
Decoding ✔✔process of taking a message that has been sent and using one's own experiences and knowledge to give it meaning
Public Speaking Situation 3 Criteria ✔✔Communicative intention, uninterrupted speaking time, multiple listeners
Communicative Intention ✔✔*Whenever our goal is to inform, persuade, or entertain, we have communicative intention
*Whenever we seek to transmit information, influence, or entertain others
Uninterrupted Speaking Time ✔✔*"Having the floor" for a certain period of time
*Specified Time Limit
*Provoke nervousness, pressure
*Advantage: prepare in advance, no one can stop us before we are finished
Multiple Listeners ✔✔*dyadic communication: communication between two persons who interact face to face as senders and receivers
*people fear the most
*eyes of listeners triggers anxiety
*advantage: concentrate all your thoughts and energy on delivering message once to all relevant receivers
Sources of Anxiety ✔✔Anticipation, Confrontation, Adaptation
Anticipation ✔✔*"Oh no, I have to give a speech"
*Result of imagining the speech
*can be reduced by taking a communication approach
Confrontation ✔✔*speaker faces the audience and has a surge of adrenaline
*physiological symptons occur: sweaty palms, jitters
*its normal!
*responds with fight or flight adrenaline rush
*lasts only 60-90sec
Adaptation ✔✔*occurs after spike of confrontation
*results in slowing heart rate, anxiety and reduction of symptoms
Communicative Orientation ✔✔*achieve your communicative goals and objectives
*Cooperation between senders and receivers
*Communicative objectives
*View as an opportunity
-share information, influence others, express something important to you, reach more than one person at a time
Additional Strategies that Increase Confidence ✔✔Visualization, Relabeling, Deep Breathing, Habituation
Immediacy Factor ✔✔how the presence of a live speaker makes the listeners feel closer to the massage thus increasing the messages impact on the listeners
PRPSA ✔✔Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety
*higher the score, the more anxiety
*lower the score the less anxiety
*between 34 and 170 average is 115
Active Listening Process ✔✔1. Sensing
- Attending
- Understanding
- Responding
Sensing ✔✔Physical aspect of receiving the message
*involves hearing and seeing
Attending ✔✔Mental aspect of receiving the message
*requires we focus our attention on the message
*every message contains: content (literal meaning), affect(how speaker feels), relational(how speaker relates to listeners)
*"keying" into correct parts of the message
*involves: Focus, Keying
Understanding ✔✔Internal process of decoding and attributing meaning to the message
*we need to interpret speaker's intended message
Speaking to Facilitate Responding ✔✔Inner responses, feedback, redirected sender response
Methods of Delivery ✔✔Formal, Extemporaneous, Impromptu
Formal ✔✔memorized speech, prepared word for word no notes
Benefits of Formal Speech ✔✔Control over language, preparing done in advance
Drawbacks of Formal Speech ✔✔*speakers inability to adjust his or hers audience feedback
*lack of flexibility
*relates to freezing up during speech
*difficult to adapt to unplanned events during speech
Extemporaneous Speech ✔✔speech delivered with notes but not the entire speech in front of the speaker
Benefits of the Extemporaneous Speech ✔✔*More natural and fluid delivery
*adapt to audience feedback and adjust your speech to them
*Improved eye contact making a more natural delivery
Drawbacks of Extemporaneous Speech ✔✔*not creating an effective outline with organized notes
*not a lot of time for preparation
Impromptu Speeches ✔✔speech done with little to no preparation
Benefits of Impromptu Speeches ✔✔*high degree of flexibility
*no preparation
*natural conversational
*audience has lowered expectations
Drawbacks of Impromptu Speeches ✔✔*High stress speech
*lack of control
*message can be unclear
*difficult to incorporate evidence
*includes: real confidence(does not actually come from thinking, believe in your message, focus on quality of message) and fake confidence(use silence, seem confident when you are not)
Functions of nonverbal communication ✔✔Repeat, Accent, Complement, Substitute, Regulate, Contradict
Positives of Nonverbal Communication ✔✔Repetition, Accents, Complementing verbal messages through actions, body language, regulating interaction with pauses and hand gestures
Negatives of Nonverbal Communication ✔✔Contradiction negatively influences your ability to get your message across
Repeat ✔✔physical actions restate verbal messages
Accent ✔✔nonverbal behaviors that augment a verbal message
Complement ✔✔when the action demonstrates the message contained in the verbal content (when nonverbal message is the same as the verbal message)
Substitute ✔✔physical actions that take the place of verbal messages
Regulate ✔✔nonverbal action that help govern the course of a speech or interaction
Contradict ✔✔nonverbal cues that convey a message that indicts something different to the verbal statements of the speaker (message says something, body says another)
3 Standards of Ethics for speakers ✔✔Speaker Motive, Message means, Outcome on receiver
Speaker Motive ✔✔Examine yourself as a speaker, primarily your motive
*the more altruistic the motive, the more ethical, while more self-interested, less ethical
*Most Ethical: Pure altruism
*Middle: Self Expression
*Unethical: Malice (intent to do evil or harm to others)
Message Means ✔✔Consider the crafting of the message itself
*there are rhetorical devices and forms of manipulation that can decrease ethicality of message
*some have argue any act of persuasion is potentially unethical
Building Credibility ✔✔have good character (has appropriate emotional response to situations), sagacity (demonstration of keen discernment and sound judgment), and goodwill (speaker cares about and respects the audience)
Derived Credibility ✔✔credibility that is produced by everything the speaker says and does throughout the speech
Terminal Credibility ✔✔the credibility with which you end the speech
Subjects-Specific Audience ✔✔people who share a common interest or knowledge in a specific audience
General Audience ✔✔people who have very little in common in terms of their interest and knowledge on different topics
Oral Attribution & Purpose of Oral Citations ✔✔*give proper credit to the author
*enhance credibility as a speaker
*provide a way for audience to check information themselves
Speaking Outline ✔✔notes the speaker uses to aid in the delivery of the speech, sometimes referred to as a keyword outline because it uses keywords rather than sentences
Preparation Outline ✔✔detailed outline that uses full sentences next to symbols in an effort to help you organize the speech
Thesis Statement (uses) ✔✔a single statement that summarizes the purpose and main points of the speech
*preview you give your audience in introduction of your speech
Thesis Statement Components ✔✔signpost, general purpose, specific purpose, main points
Introduction (function) ✔✔purpose of an introduction is to secure the audiences' attention
Introduction (structure) ✔✔1. Get Attention
- Reveal Topic
- Establish Credibility
- Preview Main Points
Conclusion in Informative Speech ✔✔1. Signal End
- Reiterate Main Point
- Dramatic Statement
Conclusion in Persuasive Speech ✔✔Call to Action
Connective Statements ✔✔Transitions, signposts, internal previews and summaries
Transitions ✔✔connective statements that signal you are finished with one point and moving onto another
Signposts ✔✔words or phrases that let listeners know where the speaker is in the speech
Internal Preview ✔✔introducing the critical points that will be discussed in the particular paragraph
Summaries ✔✔reviewing key points just made in the body paragraph
Information Speech Arrangement Patterns ✔✔Chronological, Spatial, Casual, Topical
Chronological ✔✔uses time as the organizing principle
*arranges information in progression of time, either forwards or backwards
*particularly useful for highlighting evolution, change, or process
Spatial ✔✔uses direction or location as the organizing principle
*particularly useful for highlighting, contrast, or differences
Casual ✔✔uses the connection between cause and effect as organizing principle
*particularly useful for explaining phenonemom
Topical ✔✔uses natural divisions or categorization as the organizing principle
*particularly useful for explaining the parts that compromise a concept or how certain components form a concept
Characteristics of Language ✔✔arbitrary, abstract, ambiguous
