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cmn |\170v |\final |\exam |\questions |\with |\answers
what |\are |\two |\elements |\of |\innovation? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔traits |
and |\new |\combinations |\of |\them the |\difference |\between |\invention |\and |\innovation |\is |\that |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\invention |\refers |\to |\practical/technical |\recombination
- |\innovation |\refers |\to |\economic/social |\recombination
- |\innovation |\creates |\value |\from |\inventions what |\are |\the |\three |\fundamental |\things |\we |\can |\do |\with |\information |\in |\our |\universe |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\transmission |\of |\information |
through |\time |(storage) - |\transformation |\of |\information |\in |\space-time |(computation)
- |\transmission |\of |\information |\through |\space |(communication) innovations |\are |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\derived |\from |\the |\supply |
of |\invention |\to |\satisfy |\demands - |\dependent |\on |\historical |\context |\and |\current |\context death |\of |\distance |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\phrase |\coined |\by |
Frances |\Cairncross, |\which |\suggests |\that |\distance |\may |\no |\longer |\be |\a |\
limiting |\factor |\in |\people's |\ability |\to |\communicate |\and |\interact |(info |
travels |\at |\speed |\of |\light) 1853: |\voluntary |\time |\agreement |\among |\railroads The |\term |"death |\of |\distance", |\as |\used |\here, |\seems |\a |\bit |\exaggerated |
because, |\even |\nowadays, |\there |\are |\delays |\when |\communicating |\over |
space |\The |\basic |\argument |\here |\is |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔when |\bits |
traveling |\close |\to |\the |\speed |\of |\light |\we |\have |\approached |\the |\limit |\of |
the |\physically |\possible while |\digital |\distance |- |\communication |\has |\been |\around |\for |\many |
years, |\the |\covid |\pandemic: |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔acted |\as |\an |
accelerator |\in |\the |\adoption |\and |\innovation |\of |\telecommunication, |
given |\global |"social |\distancing" |\policies Timeless |\Time |\refers |\to |\the |\fact |\that: |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔combining |\synchronous |\and |\asynchronous |\processes |\allows |
negating |\sequence what |\is |\an |\example |\of |\many-to-one |\communication |\in |\online |\social |
networks |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔liking |\a |\post poly-directionality |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\one-to-one |(phone)
essential |\business |\decisions |\that |\define |\the |\future |\of |\a |\company? |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔video |\conferencing Interoperability |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\ability |\to |\work |\with |
other |\systems. media |\richness |\is |\the |\ability |\to |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\handle |
multiple |\cues |\simultaneously
- |\facilitate |\rapid |\feedback
- |\establish |\a |\personal |\focus
- |\utilize |\natural |\language in |\statistics |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\small |\n |\usually |\stands |\for |\a |
small |\sample |\of |\the |\larger |\universe |\of |\all |\subjects |\N digital |\footprint |\of |\phone |\calls |= |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔call |
duration |+call |\frequency economies |\of |\scale |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔variable |\cost |= |\sum |\of |
marginal |\costs |= |\ 0 fixed |\cost |\is |\the |\most |\expensive, |\must |\copy |\and |\paste |\enough |\to |
make |\profit
Non-Fungible |\Token |(NFT) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Live |\on |\blockchain |\and |\a |\way |\to |\track |\ownership |\through |\digital |\ledgers Data |\fusion |\makes |\use |\of |\complementary |\data |\sources |\to |\fill |\out |
missing |\data |\points, |\including |\different |\kinds |\of |\sources, |\such |\as |
images, |\audio |\and |\video. |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔True The |\difference |\between |\data |\lake |\and |\data |\hub |\is |\that: |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔data |\lake |= |\raw |\data data |\hub |= |\clean/ |\standardized |\data Who |\is |"Edward |\Snowden" |\again? |\What |\happened |\in |\ 2013 |\which |\had |
an |\important |\effect |\on |\people's |\perspective |\of |\the |\digital |\age? |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔someone |\who |\revealed |\the |\extent |\of |\the |\US |
government's |\digital |\surveillance |\programs What |\are |\some |\digital |\building |\blocks |\which |\might |\be |\created |\for |
one |\purpose, |\but |\have |\the |\potential |\to |\be |\re-purposed |\in |\other |
contexts? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔image |\recognition |\of |\faces |\on |
social |\media, |\speech |\recognition |\for |\smart |\speakers, |\autonomous |
driving |\of |\a |\car, |\malware |\detection |\for |\bank |\accounts, |\recommender |
algorithm |\for |\an |\online |\book |\store, |\generative |\AI |\Large |\Language |
Model |\for |\a |\chatbot
truly |\coming |\out |\of |\nowhere. |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔False. |\Fleming |
was |\a |\highly |\specialized |\microbiologist |\who |\build |\on |\a |\large |\base |\of |
ongoing |\related |\research, |\allowing |\him |\to |\act |\quickly |\on |\the |
accidental |\growth |\of |\fungus, |\creating |\new |\combinations |\of |\his |
existing |\knowledge. The |\difference |\between |\invention |\and |\innovation |\is |\that |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\invention |\refers |\to |\practical/technical |\recombination
- |\innovations |\create |\value |\from |\inventions
- |\innovation |\refers |\to |\economic/social |\recombination According |\to |\the |\combinatorial |\logic |\of |\invention |\and |\innovation |\that |
we |\just |\discussed, |\why |\is |\it |\that |\basic |\research |\on |\groundbreaking |
inventions |\is |\often |\financed |\by |\the |\public |\sector? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔exponential |\combinatorial |\possibilities |\create |\a |\large |
risk |\of |\failure |(making |\it |\unlikely |\to |\find |\the |\right |\combination |
quickly), |\and |\public |\funding |\spreads |\the |\financial |\burden |\of |\this |\high |
risk |\among |\the |\public. According |\to |\the |\Schumpeterian |\distinction |\between |\invention |\and |
innovation, |\why |\does |\it |\make |\sense |\for |\the |\private |\sector |(as |
opposed |\to |\the |\public |\sector) |\to |\explore |\how |\to |\best |\come |\up |\with |
innovations? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔because |\the |\private |\sector |\is |
part |\of |\the |\market |\dynamic, |\where |\price-driven |\supply |\and |\demand |
dynamics |\help |\to |\shape |\what |\creates |\value |\for |\society.
transaction |\cost |\theory |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\optimal |\size |\of |
the |\firm |\depends |\on |\if |\internal |\transaction |\costs |\are |\smaller |\OR |
larger |\than |\external |\transaction |\costs if |\internal |\costs |\are |\less |\than |\external |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔company |\size |\increases if |\internal |\costs |\are |\greater |\than |\external |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔company |\size |\decreases According |\to |\the |\definition |\of |\horizontal |\ownership |\concentration |
(that |\a |\company |\acquires |\a |\direct |\competitor), |\what |\is |\a |\prominent |
example |\of |\that |\in |\the |\digital |\industry? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔when |\in |\2012, |\the |\social |\media |\site |\Facebook |\acquired |\the |\social |
media |\site |\Instagram |\for |\approx. |\US$ |\ 1 |\billion. Programmability |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔_____________________ |\is |\the |
ability |\to |\noninvasively |\change |\one |\of |\several |\aspects |\of |\the |\function |
of |\a |\pacemaker, |\using |\a |\device |\placed |\over |\the |\pulse |\generator. what |\happened |\in |\the |\1980s |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔a |\game |
company |(Namco) |\asked |\another |\company |(Nintendo) |\to |\help |\them |
adopt |\their |\game |\in |\their |\portfolio. |\The |\latter |\accepted |\but |\asked |\for |
a |\30% |\surcharge, |\mainly |\to |\cover |\the |\production |\of |\the |\plastic |
cartridges |\it |\had |\to |\produce
decentralized |\platform |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔software |\programs |
that |\run |\on |\a |\blockchain |\or |\peer-to-peer |(P2P) |\network |\of |\computers |
instead |\of |\on |\a |\single |\computer Horizontal |\Ownership |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔one |\media |\company |
buys |\another |\media |\company |\of |\the |\same |\type digital |\economies |\of |\scale cross/circular |\ownership |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔a |\method |\of |
reinforcing |\business |\relationships |\by |\owning |\stock |\in |\the |\companies |
with |\which |\a |\given |\company |\does |\business. digital |\economies |\of |\scale positive |\network |\externalities Vertical |\ownership |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔one |\media |\company |\buys |\suppliers |\or |\distributors |\of |\its |\content positive |\network |\externalities filter |\bubbles |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔digital |\footprint
machine |\learning n= echo |\chambers |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔exposure |\selection poly |- |\directionality network |\structure network |\externalities interoperability automation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔digital |\footprint scalable |\modularity all |\of |\computation |\traits blockchain |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔non-fungibility
The |\difference |\between |"de |\jure" |\and |"de |\facto" |\standards |\is |\that: |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔De |\jure |\are |\agreements |\of |\formal |
organization. |\De |\facto |\are |\selected |\by |\market |\dynamics. We |\have |\ 4 |\items: ABCD and |\choose |\ 3 |\of |\them. |\Which |\are |\the |\correct |\possibilities |\to |\create |
groups |\with |\ 3 |\members? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔ABC, |\ABD, |\ACD, |
BCD How |\many |\combinations |\can |\you |\make |\when |\combining |\the |\two |
items |(call |\them) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\take |\none
- |\take |\A
- |\take |\B
- |\take |\A |\and |\B Linear |\growth |\increases |\by |\a |\constant |\amount |\in |\each |\time |\period, |
forming |\a |\straight |\line |\when |\graphed |(like |\the |\number |\of |\building |
blocks). |\Exponential |\growth |\doubles |(or |\increases |\by |\a |\certain |
multiple) |\in |\each |\time |\period, |\forming |\a |\curve |\that |\becomes |\steeper |
over |\time |\when |\graphed |(like |\the |\number |\of |\combinatorial |\choices). |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔true
Which |\one |\is |\correct. |\The |\logarithm |\is |\the |\inverse |\operation |\to |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔exponentiation. The |\y-axis |\in |\the |\graph |\is |\shown |\in |\terms |\of |\the |\logarithm |\of |\ 10 |= |
LOG10. This |\means |\that |\the |\distance |\between |\each |\horizontal |\line |\in |\the |
graph: |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔multiplies |\by |\ 10 What |\is |\the |\basic/fundamental |\notion |\of |\why |\things |\become |\faster |
and |\faster? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔because |\new |\things |\stem |\from |
new |\combinations |\and |\combinatorics |\are |\exponential Gasoline-driven |\cars |\have |\become |\ever |\more |\fuel |\efficient |\over |
recent |\decades. |\This |\is |\an |\example |\of: |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔continuous |\innovation Wait, |\how |\can |\the |\same |"aircraft |\technology" |\show |\two |\different |
trajectories? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔a |\fast |\aircraft |\satisfies |\a |
different |\need |\than |\a |\big |\aircraft, |\so, |\per |\our |\definition, |\taken |\it |
seriously, |\they |\are |\actually |\two |\different |\technologies... Moore's |\law |\in |\an |\example |\of: |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Continuous |
innovation |(continuously |\making |\transistors |\smaller |\and |\smaller...)
Two |\complementary |\processes |\are |\unfolding |\over |\time. |\Both |\take |
time, |\and |\while |\they |\unfold, |\they |\have |\a |\dynamic |\effect |\on |\society, |
which |\is |\what |\we |\are |\looking |\into |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔technology |\becomes |\better |& |\it |\diffuses |\through |\societies The |\digital |\divide |\creates |\a |\new |\kind |\of |\inequality |\we |\need |\to |\learn |
how |\to |\live |\with. |\It |\consists |\of |\an |\inequality |\with |\regard |\to: |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔digital |\information |\and |\knowledge The |\lengths |\of |\these |\kinds |\of |\long |\waves |\of |\societal |\evolution: becomes |\shorter |\and |\shorter |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔becomes |
shorter |\and |\shorter
- |\didn't |\start |\with |\the |\industrial |\revolution started |\with |\stone |\age The |\impact |\of |\technology |\on |\societal |\evolution |\started |\with |\the |
industrial |\revolution. |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔False why |\does |\a |"constant |\growth |\rate" |\of |\ 3 |% |\per |\year |\make |\the |\process |"exponential"? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Because |\it |\multiplies |\in |\each |
period |\with |\1.03: |\it |\keeps |\what |\it |\has |(times |\1) |& |\additionally, |\grows |
by |\ 3 |\parts |\of |\ 100 |(3 |\per-cent)
Which |\are |\the |\main |\characteristics |\of |\the |\contours |\of |\socio- technological |\we |\just |\identified? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔sometimes |
disruptive |(jumps) overall |\exponential accumulative when |\looking |\at |\socio |\tech |\graphs |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔there |\are |\many |\indicators |\of |\social |\progress |\we |\can |\look |\at, |\which |\will |\give |\us |
complementary |\ways |\of |\understanding |\societal |\evolution tech |\requirements |\for |\a |\great |\surge |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |
unlimited |\supply |\for |\all |\practical |\purposes
- |\clearly |\perceived |\low |\and |\descending |\relative |\cost
- |\potential |\all |- |\pervasiveness |\
- |\a |\capacity |\to |\reduce |\the |\costs |\of |\capital, |\labor, |\and |\products |\as |
well |\as |\to |\change |\them |\qualitatively Schumpeter |\proposes |\that |\long |\waves |\are: |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔a |\higher |\level |\emergent |\phenomena |\arising |\from |\lower |\level |\shorter |
cycles
development |\of |\surrounding |\services |(infrastructure), |\and |\cultural |
adaptation |\of |\the |"new |\common |\sense" Prof. |\Perez |\distinguishes |\between |\two |\sub-periods |\of |\a |"long |\wave", |
an |\installation |\period |\and |\a |\deployment |\period |\of |\the |\new |\paradigm. |\They |\are |\separated |\by |\a |\rather |"destructive" |\process |\between |\them, |
which |\usually |\goes |\along |\with: |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔financial |
bubbles |\and |\economic |\recession bear |\markets |\go |___ bear |\markets |\go |_____ |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔up down two |\periods |\of |\a |\great |\surge |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔financial |\and |
production |\capital what |\might |\have |\happened |\with |\previous |\versions |\of |\GPT, |\and |\didn't |
they |\diffuse |\notably? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔technological |\progress |
might |\have |\been |\too |\fast |\during |\these |\generations If |\a |\social |\network |\is |\more |\densely |\connected |(with |\more |\links), |\how |
can |\this |\affect |\the |\diffusion |\of |\an |\innovation |\through |\this |\social |
network? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\innovation |\can |\diffuse |\faster
What |\do |\you |\think |\happened |\here |\during |\the |\time |\when |\the |\number |\of |\beer |\brewing |\companies |\went |\to |\zero |\on |\this |\graph? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔the |\prohibition |\of |\alcoholic |\beverages |\in |\the |\US |\under |
the |\Eighteenth |\Amendment |\to |\the |\United |\States |\Constitution. What |\finding |\did |\we |\derive |\from |\this |\graph? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Despite |\having |\5-6 |\less |\income |\than |\Norway, |\Chile |\achieves |\a |
similar |\bandwidth |\capacity We |\just |\said |\that |\the |"digital |\divide" |\is |\both: |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔here |\to |\stay |\with |\us |\and |\something |\that |\can |\never |\be |\completely |
avoided We |\said |\that |\we |\can |\take |\four |\complementary |\perspectives |\on |\the |
digital |\divide. |\The |\following |\is |\not |\one |\of |\them: |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔When |\does |\the |\subject |\connect? perspectives |= |\who, |\how, |\which, |\what The |\digital |\divide |\is |\always |\measured |\as |\the |\divide |\between |\people. |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔False What |\have |\these |\graphs |\just |\shown? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔While |
lower-income |\countries |\have |\closed |\the |\digital |\divide |\in |\terms |\of |\the |\
