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CMY3702 ALL QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED
ANSWERS 2024-
Fill In the Blanks Identify the missing word 1n the following definition of conservation crime "any intentional or negligent human activity or. that impacts negatively on the earth's biotic and/or abiotic natural resources" - ANSWER manipulation
The extract below "individuals can feel no moral blame and can retain their self-esteem when breaking the law if they can tell themselves and others that they had no criminal intent or that their behaviour was justified" belongs to which of the following theories? - ANSWER Sykes and Matza's Neutralisation theory
White-collar crime comes under which of the following categories or typology? - ANSWER Carey's classification
Which of the following can be regarded as unique characteristics of South African organised crime? - ANSWER It is often associated with loose shifting coalitions
Identify the correct statement with regard to air pollution - ANSWER Air pollution is of greater immediate concern than any other type of pollution
The extract below "Without effective deterrents, profitable conservation crime will remain an attractive proposition and will continue to attract and encourage exploitation", relates to - ANSWER conservation injunctions
The South African Police Service classifies commercial crime as one of the following - ANSWER other serious crime
Prostitution is most commonly associated to organised crime in respect of the following type of activity - ANSWER provision of illicit services
One of the following kinds of pollution can be considered one of the major threats to marine and contiguous coastal biota of South Africa - ANSWER 0il pollution
Identify a particular source of water pollution that can lead to a process called eutrophication - ANSWER agricultural waste
m Ghck's, 1995 definition of organised crime "Organised crime is a continuing, structured collectivity of persons who utilise criminality, and a willingness to in order to gain and maintain power and profit " - ANSWER violence, corrupt
Contact crime frequently impacts on victims in one of the following ways - ANSWER Psychological trauma which may be of a permanent nature
The following passage "Lack of public censure for conservation crimes has no doubt contributed considerably to the perpetuation of such crime and criminality" pertains to one of the following - ANSWER availability of natural resources
Which type of pollution relates to disposing off material like medical waste, ash, tins and garbage? - ANSWER solid and hazardous waste pollution
Which of the following may be considered as features of organised crime? - ANSWER organisational continuity
Which of the following are criteria for classifying crime? - ANSWER To establish a data set of categories of crimes
Which criminological theory may effectively be utilized to explain the motivational and contributory Which criminological theory may effectively be utilized to explain the motivational and contributory - ANSWER Cohen and Felson's Routine Activities theory
Conservation crime can be broadly compartmentalised into two main components -
the correct statement? ANSWER The drug trade In South Africa Is connected to car theft and money laundering In Zambia
Paying off politicians or political parties In exchange for favorable contracts abroad would be what kind of crime? - ANSWER Corporate crime
Which of the following can be considered as methods of preventing and controlling illegal trading In endangered species? - ANSWER Educational and publicity programmes and Interagency cooperation
With reference to the Russian "Mafia" which statement below is correct? - ANSWER Russian organized crime threatens democrat1sat1on
Which of the following theoretical explanations of organised criminal behaviour does the following relate to: "Policies stemming from this approach dictate dealing harshly and quickly with offenders In an effort to deter them from making such choices again"? - ANSWER rational choice theory
With respect to Sutherland's perspective on white-collar crime fill in the blanks In the paragraph "Sutherland challenged those theories that concentrated only on criminal actIv1tIes among the socioeconomIc classes while disregarding offences committed by the more classes " - ANSWER lower, privileged
In the context of the theoretical account of white-collar crime Machiavelism describes which of the following- ANSWER The manipulation of others for personal gam
Anomie and relative deprivation are examples of which theoretical explanation of organised criminal behaviour? - ANSWER social disorganisation theories
An employee that sells his/her organisation's confidential information to another company 1s an example of which type of crime? - ANSWER occupational cnme
Which of the following could be an indicatton that employees are commiting crime? - ANSWER Overspending on stock to Justify excessive expenses
To which organised crime tackling strategy does the following statement relate to "The criminal Justice systems of individual states tackle organised crime acting alone"? - ANSWER international conventions
In the context of combating organised crime, 1dent1fy the correct statement which 1s related to law enforcement - ANSWER Research has shown that there 1s a considerable entrepreneurial trading between detectives and criminal groups which can lead to corruption
What can be considered as the primary motive of employees to steal from the employer?
- ANSWER perceived injustice
The quote "International cooperation between police services 1s problematic as 1t touches on sovereignty and territoriality" pertains to - ANSWER ineffective policing and legislation
The following excerpt represents a spec1f1c theory "The inability to interact successfully with people at an early age 1s earned into adulthood" - ANSWER psychological traits and criminality theory
Why are the Japanese Yakuza (mafia) NOT described as shadowy underworld figures? - ANSWER Their affiliations are proudly displayed on insignia worn on clothes
Which of the following is related to characteristics that are apparent 1n the definitions of victimless crimes? - ANSWER Emphasis is on the individual freedom of choice
How many tons of toxic waste are dumped annually by mostly developed countries? - ANSWER 500 m11l1on tons
Identify the correct statement with regard to the definitional complexities of conservation crime from the following statements - ANSWER Indeterminate terminologies have undermined the del1neat1on of clear and unambiguous parameters
Around which one of the following does the core syndicate activity m Africa revolve? - ANSWER Black market business crimes
Which one of the following crimes falls into the category of crime Sutherland had in mind when he defined white-collar crime? - ANSWER Corporate crime
Wh1ch country perceives murder, rape, robbery and aggravated assault as priority crimes? - ANSWER America
Select the right option:
Victimless crimes may be defined as offences committed by adults with the voluntary and consent of all involved and without any of the parties lodging a complaint with the police - ANSWER mutual
Which factor adds to the incidence of organised crime in South Africa? - ANSWER Favourable geographical position
Which form of pollution Is of greater immediate concern than any other type of pollution? - ANSWER Air pollution
Embezzlement 1s an example of which one of the following crimes? - ANSWER White-collar crime
Which factors are strongly related to contact crimes? - ANSWER Alcohol and other substance abuse
Prostitution is based upon a balance between the supply of available and the demand for to provide the sex act - ANSWER victims, victims
Which theory relating to the explanation of organised criminal activities states that
"aberrant behaviour can be viewed as a symptom of the dissociation between culturally defined asp1rat1ons and socially structured means"? - ANSWER Anomie theory
Which of the following forms of pollution 1s regarded as one of the oldest environmental problems, usually ascribed to urbanisation, industrialisation and waste disposal? - ANSWER Water pollution
Employee theft 1s primarily explained m terms of which one of the following factors? - ANSWER Job dissatisfaction
Which following factors influence Advance Fee Fraud (AFF)? - ANSWER Import of consumer and economic investment goods
Which of the following types of prostitutes 1s most likely to be impoverished representatives of ethnic or racial minorities? - ANSWER Street workers
Indicate on which type of crime does the ma,n focus fall m terms of transnational and international organised crime 1n Mozambique? - ANSWER drug trafficking
Choose the correct option Policing should, 1n its widest sense, involve the of risk, alongside criminal investigation and other law enforcement activities - ANSWER management
Wildlife trade is considered the .largest illegal trade in the world - ANSWER second
When a factory dumps hazardous waste in a river, it falls under which one of the following categories of crime? - ANSWER corporate crime
Discusses the nature and the extent of conservation crime - ANSWER 1. Environmental pollution
- Air pollution
Characteristics of organized crime
Discuss prevention and control of prostitution - P158-
Preventing and controlling prostitution
Identify from below the missing word in the following definition of conservation crime "any intentional or negligent human activity or. that impacts negatively on the earth's biotic and/or abiotic natural resources" - ANSWER manipulation
Which of the following theories does the following excerpt apply to: "lndividuals are able to avoid moral blame and maintain their self-esteem while violating the law if they tell themselves and others that they had no criminal intent or that their behaviour was justified"? - ANSWER (+) Cornish and Clarke's Rational Choice theory
(+) Bandura's Social Learning theory
(+) Gottfredson and H1rsch1's General Theory of Cnme
(+)Sykes and Matza's Neutral1sat1on theory
Which of the following classification or typologies does white-collar crime belong to? - ANSWER Banger's classification
Which of the following does the following extract relate to "Without effective deterrents, profitable conservation cnme will remain an attractive propos1t1on and will continue to attract and encourage explo1tat1on", - ANSWER financial attraction
conservation leg1slat1on
conservation 1n1unct1ons
compliance management
The South African Police Service classifies commercial crime into one of the following categories - ANSWER contact crimes
property-related crimes
sub-categories of aggravated robbery
other serious crime
Prost1tut1on 1s most commonly associated with organised crime 1n relation to the following category of behaviour - ANSWER prov1s1on of 1lhc1t goods
conspiracy to commit cnme
corruption and extortion
prov1s1on of 11hc1t services
One of the following types of pollution can be regarded as one of the greatest threats to South Africa's manne and contiguous coastal biota - ANSWER (+) solid and hazardous waste pollution
(+)-oil pollution
(+)-noise pollution
(+)-air pollution
Indicate a spec1f1c source of water pollution that can give rise to a process known as eutroph1cation - ANSWER (+) sewage and other oxygen-demanding waste
(+) industrial waste
(+) agricultural waste
(+ ) acid drainage from mines
Insert the missing words in Glick's (1995) definition of organised crime "Organised crime is a continuing, structured collectivity of persons who utilise criminality, and a willingness to. in order to gain and maintain power and profit " - ANSWER threats, murder
violence, corrupt
force, 1n1ure
power, corrupt
Contact crime frequently impacts on victimsin one of the following ways - ANSWER -Death as a result of the degree of violence employed
Name the cnme category 1n which the Department of Correctional Services places kidnappers Name the cnme category 1n which the Department of Correctional Services places kidnappers - ANSWER contact-related cnmes aggressive crrmes economic crimes other serious crime
The following passage "People learn albeit incorrectly, 1n their particular communities that animals and plants are less s1gn1flcant than humans, that they are essentially unspoken for, 1nexhaust1ble and there to be manipulated at will" pertains to wh1ch theory? - ANSWER Bandura's Social Learning theory
Sykes and Matza's Neutrahsat1on theory Cohen and Felson's Routine Act1v1t1es theory Cornish and Clarke's Rational Choice theory
In relation to organized crime, 1dent1fy the factors that have made South Africa 1ncreas1ngly attractive for drug syndicates - ANSWER Internal polit1cat stab1l1ty
Organrsat1on and reform of law enforcement
Stricter laws and the easing of customs 1nspect1ons 1n other countries Serious unemployment and high cost of hv1ng
A public order crime is defined by Siegel (2004:43I) as- ANSWER "crime which involves acts that interfere with the operations of society and the ability of people to function efficiently"; or in other words behaviour that has been labelled criminal because it is contrary to shared norms, social values and customs.
A consensual crime is- ANSWER a public order crime that involves more than one participant, all of whom give their consent as willing participants in an activity that is illegal.
One of the problems in defining the term "consensual crime" relates to whether all those involved can actually give genuine consent. For a situation to be one where genuine consent cannot be given, one or more of the participants must be - ANSWER (+) animals
(+) children-being under the legal age of consent
(+) the severely disabled
(+) the severely mentally ill
(+ those who are not fully informed about the issues involved
(+) the suffering from mood swings
(+ ) those acting under duress
(+ ) the addicted
(+ ) the intoxicated
(+ ) the unconscious
term "victimless crime" - ANSWER as the willing exchange, among adults, of strongly demanded but legally proscribed goods or services. Accordingly, adults engage voluntarily in procuring goods and services that are socially unacceptable and illegal.
Conklin 2001:84 defines victimless crime as - ANSWER an offence that is consensual and does not involve a complaining participant. Here he has brought out the aspect of consent and that there is no one to complain.
Stitt 1988:87 defines victimless crime - ANSWER as an illegal act in which no one is harmed or, if harm
occurs, it is negated by the informed consent of the participant(s).
Following are some of the common elements among various definitions of victimless crimes: - ANSWER(+ )Absence of a complainant/victim. Here, the victim was a voluntary partner in the criminal act, and none of the parties view either as a victim of a crime
(+ )Absence of open injury to others.
(+ )Free consent. The aspect emphasized is personal freedom of choice
: It is not possible to effectively enforce the law through arrest and prosecution of suspects in crimes that are least visible and may not be necessarily detected.
: Legislation amends crimes. Legislation could be formulated from time to time when the values, religious belief, perception, and attitude of the community or the ruling party change.
The term "drug use"- ANSWER Drug use may be defi ned as the use of a legal or illegal
that
the prostitute shall be female (she). While the majority of the world's prostitutes are women, males and transgendered individuals are increasingly visible in prostitution.
Ellis and Walsh 2000:9-13 categorize victimless crime as follows: - ANSWER (+) Statutory offence
These activities, which are illegal for groups under a certain age, include the following: gambling under 18/ buying alcohol under age/ selling tobacco to under 16
(+) Non-statutory offences
This group encompasses such activities as prostitution
Age as a determining factor
in victimless crimes - ANSWER Various activities are considered illegal because children are not yet above a certain age and the state still has guardianship. According to the South African Constitution (section 28(3) 1996), a child is defined as person under the age of 18 years.
Moral considerations in victimless crimes - ANSWER
Conceptualisation of crime as victimless - ANSWER > According to Conklin, the following offences fall under the heading of victimless
crimes: narcotics-related crimes, gambling, prostitution, and pornography.
Adler, Mueller, and Laufer and Schmalleger cite as illustrations of victimless crimes which have been illegal and which were legalised, the following: possession of
marijuana, prostitution, gambling, and refusal to serve in the military
Siegel uses the term "crimes against the public order", within which fall
homosexuality, prostitution, pornography, drug and alcohol use.
Williams lists the following commonly categorized by various authors as victimless crimes: drunkenness and alcoholism-related crimes, purchase and consuming of
illegal drugs, vagrancy and begging, gambling, prostitution or solicitation,
homosexuality, still remaining illegal for the male sex under legal age of consent, and various sexual offenses by adults post consensus
Consensus on what constitutes victimless crimes is patently lacking.
The following arguments support the very questionable nature of categorizing victimless crimes: - ANSWER (+) Why is bigamy illegal, while adultery and two people of the opposite sex living together as if they were married is considered legal?
(+) Why is the use and buying of some substances seen as being harmful to the user and, therefore illegal-for example, cannabis/dagga or heroin-while the use and buying of tobacco products are not seen as illegal? The smoking legislation in South Africa says where people may not smoke-for example, public places/buildings-the age of the purchaser of tobacco products, and the use of tobacco products is legal.
(+) Why is soliciting in public, the keeping of a brothel, curb crawling and living off the proceeds of immoral earnings criminalised, but prostitution itself,
although illegal, not criminalised? (We think here of the shutdown of The Ranch,
a brothel in Johannesburg, in 2003/04). Do you understand the terms
"illegal" and "criminal" here?
PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES - MORAL AND OTHER
CONSIDERATIONS - ANSWER
The participants of this behaviour regard the law as inappropriate, and not their behaviour. This implies two things: - ANWER (+) In that most of these victimless crimes are private, comprehensive enforcement would require an exorbitant amount of resources.
It is thus convenient for law enforcement agencies to label a crime victimless since it justifies devoting less resources
(+) These supposed victimless offenses are related to something desirable whereby huge
profits can be made
Arguments in favour of decriminalisation - ANSWER
(+). Apparently respectable adults acting as high level suppliers.
(+). Drug smugglers.
(+). Adult criminal drug users being arrested time after time.
(+): Adult criminal drug users who are seldom arrested
(+): Adult drug users with less serious criminal offences
(+): Female drug users.
Those who remain on drugs and continue to commit other
crimes have the following in common : -
ANWER (+) come from poor families
(+} others in the family are also criminal
(+ ) were poor at school,
(+} used drugs and committed crime from an early age
(+} used varieties of drugs and committed crime frequently, and
they had limited opportunities in late teens to become involved in
legal and meaningful adult activities. Persons in this group have a low nonverbal intelligence and poor physical coordination. However, there is little scientific proof to explain why some youths stop committing crimes
and others do not.
The debate on whether drug use is victimless - ANSWER
PROSTITUTION - ANSWER
Prostitution-as-work - ANSWER
Prostitution-as-exploitation - ANSWER (+) prostitution is inherently exploitative, and that domination and violence are essential features of prostitution. This view is, inter alia, held by the organisation WHISPER (Women Hurt in Systems
of Prostitution Engaged in Revolt).
Supporters of WHISPER and others who categorise themselves as radical feminists - ANSWER renounce a number of the principles of the prostitution-as-work movement.
the ancillary harms of prostitution - the rapes, the robberies and the inevitable beatings
punctuated by shouts of btch and whre and s**t, gratuitously meted out by
pimps, by johns and by the police. These are the commonplace insults to injury that are directed at prostitutes simply because they are prostitutes
Vito et al support the view that prostitution is exploitation on the
The following grounds:- ANSWER (+) Prostitution involves male domination and exploitation of women regardless of historical time period, societal context or legal status.
(+). Violence is omnipresent in prostitution.
(+). The female prostitutes are victims because they do not make any active choices to enter or remain in prostitution.
(+). Legalisation or de-criminalisation of prostitution will only make the situation worse because it would give the blessing of the state to a despicable institution,
increase the supply and demand for services and therefore magnify the victimisation of female prostitutes.
Prostitution in South Africa - ANSWER
Types of prostitution. commercial sex industry includes - ANSWER (+) street prostitution,
(+) massage brothels,
(+) escort agencies,
(+) outcall services,
(+) strip clubs,
(+) lap dancing,
