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CMY3706 - Chapter 2 Xenophobia Exam With
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Xenophobia can be described as - ANSWER the deep hatred of immigrants by nationals of the host state.
xenophobia captures all forms of intolerance and violence towards those regarded as - ANSWER foreigners, non-nationals or "the others
xenophobia can manifest as - ANSWER "race phobia" (racism), "genophobia" (genocide), "ethnophobia" (ethnic conflict), "Afrophobia" (hostilities among Africans of different nationalities) or "foreign phobia" (intolerance of anything/anyone foreign)
myths or perceptions of xenophobia in SA - ANSWER - Xenophobia does not exist in SA-a view held by many political leaders in denial.
- Once denialists admit that it exists, they hold that it is recent and that only a small minority of South Africans are xenophobic.
- Poverty is the main cause of xenophobia. The underlying claim is that being poor predisposes one to violence.
Xenophobia was/is endemic in SA and - ANSWER not a preserve of a small minority of people. It cuts across age, race, income level and gender.
Migration and xenophobia are considered related concepts as - ANSWER xenophobia is generally a consequence of migration
people migrate for the following reasons - ANSWER - They move out of necessity to escape violence or persecution (refugees or asylum seekers).
- For pleasure and to get familiar with a new environment, they move because of personal fulfillment.
- They migrate in search of new adventures and in order to meet other people/experience different cultures.
- They move in an effort to improve their economic conditions and chances in life concerning job opportunities.
There are two competing views in SA about migration. ANSWER There are two competing views: some of them see it as something positive-it is an opportunity. If well-managed, it is beneficial to the sending and receiving countries, since there is sharing of skills and expertise brought about by specialized labour taken back and forth.
- It views migration as a "loss" for the country of origin of the migrants, and also as "danger" and "threat" for the population of the receiving country.
xenophobia in SA extends beyond prejudicial attitudes and gets
acted out in a violent manner. - ANSWER Xenophobic attitudes are not expressed only in media and personal opinions but spill over into personal and systemic violence.
Xenophobic violence ranges from - ANSWER threatening foreign nationals, looting shops owned by non-nationals and destroying their homes and/or property to assault and murder
South Africa is used by asylum seekers as - ANSWER a gateway to Europe, America and other countries
xenophobic attacks are fuelled by - ANSWER differences between strangers and settlers of different skin pigmentation, customs and/or faith who appear unwilling to integrate themselves into their host community.
- "strangers" who will not assimilate are seen as - ANSWER "arrogant'' if they retain their way of life, "exploitative'' if they appear better off than their hosts and "bigoted'' if they cling to their religion
-much of the hostility directed towards aliens is frequently contrived to - ANSWER further a personal or political interest
(5) a culture of violence
(6) lack of leadership
(7) international trend of xenophobia
(8) inability of security forces to control community-based violence
xenophobic causes are heightened by - ANSWER general desperation felt by poverty-stricken community members due to the absence of service delivery
When such a situation arises, foreigners are viewed as directly competing with them for the limited resources
Aggression towards foreigners by both individual as well as organisations encourages foreigners to - ANSWER leave SA
Negative reports, combined with the tepid government responses to xenophobic attitudes and attacks, give the impression that- ANSWER foreigners can be treated as worthless without anything bad happening to those responsible
Poverty and socioeconomic hardship South Africans experience can be blamed for- ANSWER perpetuating the conditions in areas where the [xenophobic] violence flared up.
Refugees and asylum seekers are often victims of cyclic
traumatization: - ANSWER - firstly, they experienced persecution and violence in their country of origin
- secondly they experience trauma due to daily life stressors in trying to adapt and earn a living in a new country
- thirdly, they are re-traumatised due to xenophobic attitudes and attacks
xenophobia prevention strategies include - ANSWER - Policy strategies
- Humanitarian strategies
- Legal and constitutional strategies
- Citizenship empowerment and educational strategies
- Technical and media-related strategies
- State-civil society partnership
- Intergovernmental strategies
In SA, those who are discriminated against and suffer xenophobic attacks are. migrants and this situation can be described as. - ANSWER African
Afrophobia
Xenophobic violence includes: - ANSWER threatening foreign nationals
what accurately describes factors which contribute to xenophobia? - ANSWER Competition for resources; criminality and opportunism; a lack of leadership
The cultural-symbolic theory posits that xenophobic conflict emanates from early. - ANSWER political and value socialisations.
What do Jansen van Rensburg and Mpuru (2017) suggest government should publicise about foreigners? - ANSWER Awareness of the positive contributions that foreign migrants can offer SA
People migrate for different reasons such as - ANSWER They immigrate in search of new adventures and to get away from other people and cultures.
