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Cognition, Language, and Intelligence: A Comprehensive Study, Study notes of Psychology

St. Johns River Community CollegePsychology

This chapter explores various aspects of cognition, including imagery and concepts, decision making, problem solving, and language. It also delves into the nature and measurement of intelligence, the requirements of good tests, and the controversy surrounding iq and race. Additionally, it discusses gender differences in cognitive abilities and the concept of creativity.

Typology: Study notes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 04/04/2010

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Chapter Seven
I. Cognition
A. Imagery and Concepts
1. Imagery-representation
of a sensory experience
a. Imagery and athletes
b. Imagery and music
2. Concept-mental
category used to
represent a class or group
of objects, people, etc.
that share common
attributes
a. Formal concept-one
that is clearly defined
by a set of rules
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa

Partial preview of the text

Download Cognition, Language, and Intelligence: A Comprehensive Study and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Chapter Seven I. Cognition A. Imagery and Concepts

  1. Imagery-representation of a sensory experience a. Imagery and athletes b. Imagery and music
  2. Concept-mental category used to represent a class or group of objects, people, etc. that share common attributes a. Formal concept-one that is clearly defined by a set of rules

b. Natural concept-one acquired through everyday perceptions

  1. Prototype
  2. Examples B. Decision making
  3. Process of considering alternatives and choosing among them
  4. Bounded rationality- limitations
  5. Elimination by aspects- alternatives are evaluated against criteria that have been ranked according to importance

c. Recognition heuristic-decision making stops as soon as a factor that moves one toward a decision has been recognized

  1. Framing-the way information is presented so as to emphasize either a potential gain or a potential loss as the outcome
  2. Intuition-gut feelings C. Problem Solving
  3. Analogy heuristic- comparing a problem to others in the past
  4. Working backward-starts with a solution and works backward
  1. Means-end analysis- current position is compared with the desired goal and a series of steps are formulated and taken to close the gap between them
  2. Algorithm-guarantees results if applied correctly
  3. Functional fixedness- failure to use familiar objects in novel ways
  4. Mental set-mental rut in solving problems
  5. Artificial intelligence a. Artificial neural networks b. Expert systems
  1. Semantics-meaning derived from morphemes, words, and sentences
  2. Pragmatics-intonation that implies meaning B. Animal Language
  3. Washoe and sign language 160 signs
  4. Sarah and magnetized chips
  5. Yerkes-Lana-computer controlled-orange
  6. Herbert Terrace-Nim Chimpsky
  7. Kanzi-infant son to mother trained
  8. Chimps and numbers
  9. Alex the parrot
  10. Whales and dolphins

C. Language and thinking

  1. Linguistic relativity hypothesis
  2. Rosch and the colored chips-Dani
  3. He or she D. Learning a second language III. Intelligence A. Nature of Intelligence p 215
  4. Spearman and the g- factor
  5. Thurstone and the 7 factor
  6. Gardner 8 types of intelligence or frames of mind
  7. Sternberg triarchic theory of intelligence
  1. Bell curve
  2. Terman’s study
  3. Mental retardation E. The IQ Controversy
  4. Nature-nurture controversy
  5. Twin studies
  6. Heritability-degree characteristic influenced by heredity F. Race and IQ
  7. Stereotype threat
  8. The Bell Curve- 40% environment
  9. Dynamic assessment G. Gender differences in Cognitive Abilities
  1. Females outperform males on language tasks
  2. Boys outperform on math and science
  3. Social influence
  4. Spatial tasks H. Creativity
  5. Creativity has weak correlation with IQ.
  6. Creativity not sudden flashes
  7. Divergent thinking- ability to produce multiple solutions to a problem for which there is no agreed on solution