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COMD 5070 EXAMS 1 AND 2 | ALL
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COMD 5070 EXAM 1
Why use a band reject filter? ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------To remove unwanted noise. (Removing a narrow band doesn't really impact the quality of speech, but using a wider band reject filter would, because you would be deleting a number of frequencies that would be important for speech perception) These were used in the early days of speech analysis because they helped us understand which frequencies were present in the speech sample, and they showed the energy at each frequency level (Was the energy in the lower, middle, or higher part of the frequency range?) This yielded a crude idea of the ingredients list (frequencies) of a certain sound. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Band-Pass Filter Using a ___________ filter, you could move from low to high frequencies as the frequency was being analyzed. (For both types of filter, the researcher would need to play the sound again and again, looking at a different frequency each time in order to compare the energy for each.) -----
- CORRECT ANSWER---------------Variable/Adjustable
The __________ of the components make one sound different from another - they alter its quality perceptually. ------CORRECT ANSWER-------- -------Relative PROPORTIONS _______ was a French mathematician and physicist (1768-1830) who came up with a way of analyzing complex signals and decomposing them or splitting them into a series of component frequencies. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Joseph FOURIER All periodic sounds are made of a combination of sine waves (component frequencies). These individual sine waves may vary by: ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Amplitudes Phase Angles (where they are in the cycle relative to one another) Frequencies A ____________ creates a spectrum from a time domain waveform (such as a microphone signal.) This spectrum shows what the individual components are. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Fourier Transform (changes the time domain to the frequency domain) ______ Domain Data: A waveform represents sound directly. (Air pressure) changes over time. ______ Domain Data: A line spectrum shows the frequency components of a periodic sound. ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Time Frequency The human voice is NEARLY periodic. T or F? ------CORRECT ANSWER--- ------------True. It has a fundamental and then harmonics which are
Tells us more about what the vocal tract FILTER is doing (what its resonance frequencies are relative to one another), but doesn't give details of the sound SOURCE. Spectrum or Spectrogram? A snapshot in time. Doesn't show progression of a signal over time. ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Spectrum Spectrum or spectrogram? Shows us individual spectral slices that are arranged side by side over time. Shows how the frequency components of the signal change over time. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Spectogram (x-axis is time, y-axis is frequency, darkness indicates intensity) It is kind of a hybrid domain display (shows both time and frequency). Shows how the strength in each range of frequencies is changing or evolving over time. A wide band spectrographic analysis (300 Hz) gives good ________ detail. A narrow band spectrogram (45 Hz) tends to blur things together over time, but gives great ___________ resolution. ------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ----Time/temporal Frequency On a 3D spectrogram display, you can have good _________ resolution OR good ________ resolution, but NOT BOTH. ------CORRECT ANSWER- --------------Time Frequency Wide Band or Narrow Band?
- Shows individual vertical glottal pulses (vertical striations)
- Shows horizontal lines that represent Harmonics...separates them out. -- ----CORRECT ANSWER---------------Wide Band Narrow Band Why doesn't a man's high pitched voice sound like a woman's? ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------1. Vocal fold closure patterns
- Harmonic spectral slope- the ingredients that are produced by the larynx and fed into the vocal tract.
- Noise between formants
- Frequency values of those formants (which are based on the size of the vocal tract) Women's voices are about ________ higher in their fundamental frequency than men's are. Why? ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------An octave. It's anatomically based- the men's vocal cords are larger. Which carries the greatest amount of energy in speech, consonants or vowels/diphthongs? ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Vowels & diphthongs _________ are Time Invariant. The vocal tract shape can be held constant, and the sound can be prolonged as long as you have breath. ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Vowels What determines the particular vowel that we will be producing at that moment? What makes one vowel different from another? ------CORRECT ANSWER-- -------------The shape of the vocal tract or the configuration of the articulators. The frequencies of the formants are different for each one.
Science is Deterministic, which means it obeys _______ laws of __________. It is not ________. ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Physical Cause and Effect Random Science is ____________, which means: If you do this...then that will happen. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Predictive Science is ____________, which means using the simplest explanation possible...boiling it down to the essence. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -----Parsimonious __________ Phonetics: The measuring of speech production through microphone recordings and studying what it can tell us about the way the larynx is operating or the articulators are moving. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Acoustic 3 Types of Physiologic phonetics- (K.A.E.) ------CORRECT ANSWER-------- -------Kinematics Aerodynamics Electromyography The study of speech MOVEMENTS ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Kinematics The pressure, flow & resistance we use to regulate our breathstream. ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Aerodynamics
The electrical activity of muscles as they are activated. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Electromyography The _______ is the sound source. The ________ is the filter. It resonates, enhances, and strengthens some of the frequency components. ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Larynx Vocal tract The larynx and the vocal tract are completely independent of each other (in function). T or F? ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------In theory, they operate independently, but in reality they sometimes interact under certain circumstances. 4 Ways to Vary the Sound Source ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Loudness Pitch Voice Quality Phonation vs. Whispering Loudness- _________ air pressure equals _______ sounds, and the larynx doesn't have to adduct very tightly; _____ air pressure equals _______ sounds, and the vocal folds will have bigger movements (muscle movement increases). ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Low Soft Higher Louder
The voice is composed of a fundamental frequency and a series of __________ which are integer _______ of the fundamental frequency. ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Harmonics Multiples If the fundamental frequency is 100 Hz, the harmonics will be at ____________. If the FF is 200 Hz, the harmonics will be _________. ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------200, 300, 400, etc. 400, 600, 800, etc. The ______ harmonics tend to be weaker in amplitude than the fundamental itself. This results in a harmonic spectral ______, with the ________ being the strongest element. ------CORRECT ANSWER------------ ---Higher Slope Fundamental A ___db slope results in a voice quality that is bright, brassy and resonant. The _____db slope is more characteristic of a typical voice, and the ___db slope represents a voice that is weak or thin. ------CORRECT ANSWER----- ---------- 6 12 18 The best _________ you will get will be for sounds that have a wavelength that is __ times that of the tube. A small tube will resonate ___ frequencies because they have a _____ wavelength. A long tube will resonate _____ frequencies because they have a _______ wavelength. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Resonance 4 Higher, shorter
Lower, longer The ________________ refers to the change in sound between entering the vocal tract and leaving the vocal tract, or the output minus the input. The ________ _______ determine the transfer function. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Vocal Tract Transfer Function Resonating cavities The sound that leaves the larynx is basically a _________ wave form. ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Sawtooth A ________ is a resonant peak in the vocal tract transfer function. The first 2 or 3 are of the most interest. These are NOT a sound source, but they reflect the way the vocal tract is shaping the sound coming from the larynx. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Formant (These exist in both phonation or whispering) Examples of "Spillover Effects": ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------1. Parkinson's Disease - Hypokinetic Dysarthria (Using a loud voice affects articulation)
- Spasmodic dysphonia (Treating the voice by injection to the larynx improved articulation)
- Muscle Tension Dysphonia (Circumlaryngeal massage therapy results in greater flexibility in lingual movement during speech production) Sound is stored in _____/_____ form, but is played back in _______ form. - -----CORRECT ANSWER---------------Numeric/digital Analog
_______ signals are discrete in time and amplitude. They are made up of a series of separate numbers recorded in one long string. These numbers represent 'snapshots' over time. These numbers have finite precision. They could be fully represented by a table of numbers. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Digital What is ADC conversion? Example? What is DAC conversion? Example ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Analog to Digital From microphone to computer Digital to Analog From CD to speakers The frequency of snapshots in a digital recording. The rate is specified in Hz. (10 samples/snapshots in a second = a 10 Hz recording) ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Sampling Rate (Higher sampling rate= Higher quality) Half the sample rate...represents the highest frequency you can record and then accurately play back. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Nyquist Frequency You will sample at ______ the rate of the highest frequency in the signal. For example, the sample rate for compact discs is 44,100 samples per second. This means that it stores signals up to 22,050 Hz, and it can play back sounds up to 22, 050 Hz. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Twice The signal as it comes into your recorder. - -----CORRECT ANSWER--------- ------Saturation
Speech Production has many degrees of ______. this means there are many individual structures/movements that can be adjusted to create the exact sound that we hear. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Freedom A disordered _______ indicates disordered vocal fold movement (a change in the sound source). A distorted/imprecise _________ indicates abnormal movement of the ________ (a change in the filter). ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Voice Articulation Articulators The acoustic patterns reflect the vocal tract movements with some ambiguity, because of _________ (the same same sound can be produced several physical ways). ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Motor Equivalence Acoustics can reveal all details of movement. T or F? ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------False (There are several different structures working at once to contribute to the way a sound is made) Speech contains a bunch of different frequencies all at the same time. A __________ allows us to be selective in which frequencies we keep for analysis. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Speech filter Filter types: High pass- allows ___ frequencies through.
Lower Lip rounding ______ all formants, regardless of vowel type. Lowering the larynx also does this. ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Lowers (Because you are lengthening the vocal tract (the tube you are resonating is actually becoming longer) Sounds go back and forth between the chambers and cavities in the vocal tract, and influence each other by _________ or _______ interference. -----
- CORRECT ANSWER---------------Constructive Destructive ______ interference: Where the waves will add up and give you more strength. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Constructive ______ interference: Where they may cancel one another out. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------- -----Destructive Vowels are produced differently in isolation than they are in the context of consonants in the words we utter. T or F? ------CORRECT ANSWER--------- ------True How can we understand each other, even though our formants are highly variable??
- Listeners may apply _______. (They try to match features of vowel artic. to other features of the sound that the person is making)
- _____ and _____ may serve as cues.
- Our brain may look at the _____ between the frequencies. ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Templates Timbre and Pitch Ratios Vowel __________: When a corner vowel (/a/, /i/, /u/, /ae/) is undershot (not quite achieved) in normal speech. (With the dysarthrias, where you have a motor speech disorder, this is extreme and the speech is distorted.) ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Neutralization (Because the position of the tongue is a little closer to the neutral vowel (schwa) in the middle of the vocal tract. The Vowel Quadrilateral can be used to quantify how well a person is ______. The _____ within that quadrilater can be reflective of a person's overall ______. Larger articulator movements would ______ the overall space, and would be associated with improved __________. ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Articulating Vowel space area Intelligibility Increase Speech intelligibility The _____ ______ is a reflection of how much variability there can be in the 1st and 2nd formants, as you produce that vowel in different contexts. -- ----CORRECT ANSWER---------------Vowel Ellipse Most languages have from __ to __ vowels. The 3 most common are ________. They tend to be near the _________ edges. This means that
Between _______, there are greater differences. Some form a complete closure of the vocal tract, as in ______. _____ just constrict the flow of air that's coming through the vocal tract. Many have some degree of noise in their production. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Consonants Stops Fricatives ________ are defined by noise. _______ are like having a stop and a fricative joined together, so they have some noise. Even STOPS have some important noise events in them that help us identify them. ------ CORRECT ANSWER---------------Fricatives Affricates Consonants or Vowels? Which involves greater complexity and precision in the timing and physical articulation? ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Consonants (SLPs will spend more of their time treating errors in consonant production than vowel production.) 3 types of Obstruents: (Formed by partial or complete 'obstruction') ------CORRECT ANSWER------ ---------Stops (complete closure, just momentarily) Fricatives (narrowing of vocal tract, partial obstruction) Affricates (combination of stop/fricative) 3 types of Non-Obstruents/Sonorants: (Do not completely block off the vocal tract, but have some form of constriction) ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------1) Nasals
- Glides/Semivowels/Approximants (movement during production.
- Liquids
The _______ is characterized by a lack of energy during the time that the articulatory constriction is being formed. (Most easily seen if the occurs between vowels) Typical duration? In a voiced stop, you may have vocal fold _______ that continues throughout the closure of the stop. This appears on the spectrogram as a __________. ------CORRECT ANSWER---------------Stop gap/Stop closure From 50-150 milliseconds Oscillation Voicing Bar When listening to a person speak, the stop gaps (the brief moments of silence) are perceptually obvious. T or F? ------CORRECT ANSWER--------- ------False Voiced or Voiceless? The _______ stops have a longer closure duration (stop gap). The _______ stops tend to be shorter. ------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- Voiceless Voiced If a person was severely dysfluent and had stuttering blocks, their stop closure duration might be drastically ___________. In contrast, in some dysarthrias, the stop closure might be shortened and ineffective, causing their speech to seem slurred and imprecise. ------CORRECT ANSWER------ ---------Increased A _______ is a sharp burst of air that comes as the stop gap is released into the stop sound. The noise continues (_______), causing turbulence,
