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COMM 288 SBCC FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED
Quantitative research - ANSWER objective measurements and the statistical,mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques qualitative research - ANSWER It is used to gain an understanding of underlyingreasons, opinions, and motivations; categorical
5 step scientific process - ANSWER 1. make an observation.
- Ask a question.
- Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.4. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.
- Test the prediction.
- Repeat: based on the outcome, design new hypotheses or predictions. experience - ANSWER what a person experiences tenacity - ANSWER the belief that something is real because it has always been true(Knowledge is passed from person to person and generation to generation via cultural norms and assumptions) traditions - ANSWER a person learns from the traditions for instance one's familyfollowed and the wisdom passed from generation to generation
magic - ANSWER experiences that cannot be explained and we attribute it tomystery/magic/superstition
hunches (a priori) - ANSWER reasoning based on hunches and observation authority - ANSWER depending on an individual in authority to dictate what is fact heuristic - ANSWER creates questions; enables a person to learn or discover on theirown
Burgos's definition of a theory - ANSWER "a set of systematic, informed hunches aboutthe way things work"
the functions of a theory (according to Burgoon) - ANSWER 1. Description - the What?2. Explanation - the Why?
- Prediction - the When?
- Control - the How?5. Critique - the Whom?
epistemolgy - ANSWER the study of knowledge ontology - ANSWER the study of the nature of reality axiology - ANSWER the study of values inductive reasoning - ANSWER general to specific deductive reasoning - ANSWER specific to general realist - ANSWER the belief that the world exists and is tangible
research ethics - ANSWER the specific principles, rules, guidelines, and norms ofresearch related behavior that a research community has decided are proper, fair, and appropriate informed consent the person participating in the research has the capacity to giveconsent
anonymity nobody can link a participant with a response confidentiality the participants' identity remains unknown when the researchers discussor write up their findings.
respect for persons - ANSWER participants should be treated as autonomous agents,that means that they are independent, self-governing, and capable of making decisions for themselves as long as they are given sufficient information to make those decisions beneficience - ANSWER the outcome of research should be positive and beneficial justice - ANSWER people should not be included or excluded based on race, ethnicity,gender, etc. they should be based on reasons related to research questions or hypothesis what is involved with the debriefing process - ANSWER Member checks: the process ofproviding participants with the research findings, and giving them the opportunity to voice agreement or disagreement with the research as reported. (qualitative) -At the end of the study -Informed consent-Explanation of the study/purpose -Access to the results -privacy/anonymous
-Option to withdraw what does an institutional review board (IRB) do - ANSWER to protect the universityfrom legal repercussions of conduction research deemed unethical, to protect the university from financial and legal sanctions imposed by the federal government andother funders on research deemed unethical, and to protect research participants from unethical practices in research Independent variable - ANSWER influences change in the dependent variable dependent variable - ANSWER the variable that gets influenced by the independentvariable
Nominal variables - ANSWER indicate 'what type'- uses Categories, groups, etc
Continuous variables - ANSWER indicated 'how much'- uses Percentage, amount, etc
Conceptual definition - ANSWER how the concept or variable that is being study isdefined
Operational definition - ANSWER how you plan to measure and/or observe the conceptor variable of interest
conceptual fit - ANSWER the middle of a venn diagram likert scale - ANSWER 1 strongly disagree - 5 strongly agree
- statementsemantic scale - ANSWER 7 boxes with either side being the opposite of each other mutually exclusive - ANSWER one answer, definitive; one event happens at a time events
volunteer nonrandom sample ANSWER made up of people who choose to participate network nonrandom sampling ANSWER using social networks to locate or recruit studyparticipants
snowball nonrandom sampling ANSWER asks participants to make referrals to to otherpotential participants, who in turn make referrals to other participants, and so on
cluster sampling when clusters, or groups, of a population are identified that are arepresentation of the whole and then are sampled randomly within each cluster, letting each cluster represent a population response rate Response rate is the proportion of people actually included in yoursample, relative to the number of people you attempted to include *Number of people who agreed - people who disagreed to participate =response rate reliability - ANSWER the ability of a measure to produce the same results if replicated test-retest reliability - ANSWER a reliability method in which the same measure is givento the same people at two different times
alternate form reliability - ANSWER a reliability method to determine if the order inwhich the items in a measure are presented affect the ways in which people respond
split-half reliability - ANSWER a means of evaluating internal consistency of a scale thatcompares one randomly selected half of a scale from the other randomly selected half of the scale inter-coder reliability - ANSWER an indicator of how similarly coders are coding content
validity - ANSWER accuracy measure, in terms of measuring intended constructs orobservations
face validity - ANSWER a type of validity consideration in which measures, orprocedures, are looked at and questioned if they make sense at face value criterion validity - ANSWER deals with how a particular measure holds up whencompared to some outside criterion
construct validity - ANSWER the extent to which your variables are logically related toother variables
reliability - ANSWER the ability of a measure to produce the same results if replicated threats to internal validity - ANSWER -History -Hawthorne effect -Maturation -Testing (already know how the test works) -Instrumentation threats to external validity - ANSWER convenience sampling strengths of surveys - ANSWER -Format is flexible -Can generate large datasets -Open questions can be more valid-not multiple choice
how often are interviews used (what percentage of the time) - ANSWER 11% how often are web and fax used (what percentage of the time) - ANSWER 1% telephone interviews response rate - ANSWER 61% in person interviews response rate - ANSWER 80% content analysis - ANSWER a quantitative methodology that allows researchers toquantify content, including the content of participant responses or the content of media texts content analysis strengths - ANSWER -A mostly unobtrusive method -Can analyze large amounts of data-Can analyze manifest and latent content
content analysis weaknesses - ANSWER -Cannot make make cause/effect conclusions-Needs valid content categories -Difficult to find and/or record content manifest content - ANSWER characteristics of the content itself; on the surface;counting something; quantitative
latent content - ANSWER interpretations of the content; under the surface; analyzingsomething; qualitative
unit of analysis - ANSWER the process of deciding exactly what it is that will beobserved(content analysis)
Sampling units - ANSWER units that are sampled from a larger population of contentthat you wish to examine, where you are going for your content
Recording units - ANSWER individual parts of a sampling unit the researcher isexamining
Context units - ANSWER types of content or contextual features that may appear in anindividual recording unit
strengths of experiments - ANSWER -Experiments are the only method to determine acausal relationship -Controlled experiments can produce reliable (consistent) results -Conducted in a lab (more controlled) conducted in the field (more real) weaknesses of experiments - ANSWER -True experiments are sometimes impossible tomanipulate variables (induction is not possible)
-Lack of reality in lab experiments-Induction: what is done to an participant in an experiment -Cannot guarantee complete control random assignment (definition and notation) - ANSWER R= Random Assignment: theassignment of people at random to different groups in an experimental design
control group - ANSWER a group that does not receive induction in experiment. Participants that do not get acted upon comparison groups - ANSWER experimental and control groups
