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CMN 003V EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
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active listening ✔✔a person's willingness and ability to hear and understand
channel ✔✔the means by which a message is communicated; a type of pathway
cognitive complexity ✔✔ability to consider a variety of explanations and understand a given situation in multiple ways
communication competence ✔✔the ability to communicate in ways that are effective and appropriate in a given situation
content dimension ✔✔Consists of the literal information being communicated by the message
ex: "The printers out of paper" → there is no paper in the printer
context ✔✔the physical and psychological environment in which you message is communicated
decode ✔✔interpreting a message
downward communication ✔✔superiors to subordinates
dynamic ✔✔constantly changing and evolving as ppl send, receive, and interpret messages from multiple sources
emotional intelligence ✔✔ability to understand, express, and manage emotions, and to use emotion to facilitate thought
empathy ✔✔skill at identifying and feeling what others around you are feeling
encode ✔✔put idea into the form of language/behavior that your receiver understands
Emotional Quotient (EQ) ✔✔a person's level of emotional intelligence
ethics ✔✔guides us in judging whether something is morally right or wrong
language ✔✔structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning
lateral (horizontal) communication ✔✔among peers/colleagues with relatively equal positions
message ✔✔verbal/nonverbal behaviors to which people give meaning
Metacommunication ✔✔communication about communication; used to avoid misunderstanding and provide listeners with clarity
ex: "Let me tell you what i think"
"Don't take this the wrong way"
noise ✔✔anything that interferes with a receivers ability to understand the message; physical, psychological, physiological
nonverbal communication ✔✔includes behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without the use of words
post-trust era ✔✔people view businesses as operating against the public's best interest and employees view leaders and colleagues skeptically
rapport ✔✔sense of harmony, goodwill, and caring among ppl
receiver ✔✔person who will decode the message
relational dimension ✔✔many messages carry signals about the nature of the relationship in which they are shared
ex: You could interpret someone telling you the printer is out of paper as them being irritated because you didn't replace the paper
self-monitoring ✔✔an awareness of how you look and sound and how your behavior is affecting those around you
sender ✔✔sources of the ides
symbol ✔✔word; representation of an idea
feminine culture ✔✔ppl value nurturing behavior, quality of life, and service to others; tend not to believe that womens and mens roles should be strongly differentiates
high-contact culture ✔✔a culture where ppl stand or sit fairly close to one another and touch one another frequently
high-context culture ✔✔ppl are taught to speak in a less direct way; maintaining harmony and avoiding offense are more important than expressing true feelings; speech is more ambiguous
high-power-distance culture ✔✔power is less evenly distributed; certain groups have far more power; ppl are taught that certain individuals or groups deserve more power and that respecting power and privilege is more important than equality
individualistic culture ✔✔people believe their primary responsibility is to themselves
low-contact-culture ✔✔culture where ppl keep greater amounts of personal space between themselves and touch one another less frequently
low-power-distance culture ✔✔holds the belief that all indices are equal and that no one person or group should have excessive power; ppl believe that although some indices are born w more advantages, no one is inherently better
masculine culture ✔✔ppl tend to cherish stereotypically masculine values, such as ambition, achievement, and the acquisition of material goods; value sex-specific roles for woman and men
social distance ✔✔4-12 ft; w customers, casual acquaintances, others we don't know well; indicated that interactions are more formal and less personal
societies ✔✔groups of people who share the same culture
socioeconomic status ✔✔(SES) a measure of a person's financial and social position relative to that of others
stereotypes ✔✔a generalization about a group or category of people that can have a powerful influence on the way we perceive others and their communication Behavior
denotative meaning ✔✔commonly accepted definition
dialects ✔✔language variations shared by ppl of a certain region or social class
facial displays ✔✔According to the principle of facial primacy, the face comms more info than any other channel of nonverbal behavior; functions as identity, attractiveness, emotion
factual claim ✔✔makes an assertion that we can verify with evidence and show to be true or false
formal address terms ✔✔indicate the listener is of higher status than the speaker
"Sir" "Ma'am"
gesticulation ✔✔the use of arm and hand movements to communication
halo effect ✔✔the strong predisposition to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people
haptics ✔✔the study of the way we use touch to communicate
hedges ✔✔a qualifier that makes a statement ambiguous
ex: I think, I feel
hestiations ✔✔terms that introduce pauses into speech
ex: "Um" "Well"
I-statement ✔✔claims ownership of what a communicator is feeling or thinking
"I am mad"
intensifiers ✔✔adverbs that answer the question to what extent?
ex: I'm SO excited
kinesics ✔✔study of movement, including the movement of walking
libel ✔✔defamatory statements made in print or some other fixed medium
proxemics ✔✔the scientific study of spatial use; tells us that we each have a preferred amount of personal space we carry like an invisible bubble around us
semantic rules ✔✔dictates the meaning of words
slander ✔✔a defamatory statement made aloud within earshot of others
syntactic rules ✔✔govern order of words within phrases and clauses
tag questions ✔✔a question added onto the end of declarative statement that lessens the impact of that statement
ex: He was really rude, WASN'T HE?
vocalics ✔✔(paralanguage) the study of the nonverbal uses of the voice that indicate emotion and provide cues as to how the message should be interpreted
Ex: breathy/deep voice, fast, loud, accent, tone
you-statement ✔✔shifts responsibility to other person
"You're making me mad"
the nature of communication ✔✔unavoidable
strategic
irreversible
a process
transmission model ✔✔views communication as something that goes directly from one person to another
transactional model ✔✔acknowledges added challenges in communication; think game of catch with a lump of clay
6 principles of communication ✔✔- We use communication to meet many needs
- Communication is governed by rules
- Communication comes in verbal and nonverbal forms
- Communication has content and relational dimensions
- Some messages metacommunicate
evasion ✔✔keeping speaker from giving specific details
ex: "I'm going out with friends" vs "i'm going to a phat dayger two towns over"
Equivocation ✔✔uses words that have unclear/misleading definitions; avoid uncomfy situations
ex: Seeing a popular haircut that doesn't fit the person who has it but you don't want to hurt the person's feelings or lie so you say: "It's very fashionable"
euphamisms ✔✔inoffensive words/phrases that replace upsetting terms
ex: passed away vs died
sapir-whorf hypothesis ✔✔states that the structure of a language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is spoken; language influences how we see the world
ex: in english "the plant," in spanish masculine/feminine "la planta"
women coverse for... ✔✔closeness & connection
men converse for... ✔✔control and hierarchy
qualifiers ✔✔words or phrases that limit the scope of a claim
ex: kind of, possibly
disclaimers ✔✔remarks that diminish a statement's importance
ex: It's probably nothing but...
semantic triangle ✔✔(Ogden & Richards)
symbol, reference, referent
concrete word ✔✔refers to a specific object in the physical world
abstract word ✔✔refers to a broader category or organizing concept of objects
Hayawaka's Ladder of Abstraction ✔✔Begins at the top with a broad abstract category and as we move down the ladder, the concepts become more and more concrete and specific.
cliche ✔✔words/phrases that were novel at one time but have lost their effect due to overuse
informal formal dimension ✔✔perceptions of personal vs impersonal situations
Expectation Violation Theory ✔✔a theory claiming that when our expectations are violated, we become more cognitively alert as we struggle to understand and cope with unexpected behaviors
ex: walking into an elevator and turning towards everyone and talking is violating what is expected and causes people to be nervous
immediacy behaviors ✔✔promote a sense of closeness through physical, verbal behaviors
emblems ✔✔intentional movements with a direct verbal translation
ex: Thumbs up or ok sign
illustrators ✔✔intentional movements that reinforce visual messages and clarify verbal meaning
ex: The fish was "this big" (hold up hands)
regulators ✔✔manage interactions and control flow of convo
ex: Raising your hand to speak, walking away from someone mid conversation
adaptors ✔✔habitual movements; satisfy physical/psychological need
ex: Rubbing eyes when tired
affect displays ✔✔convey feelings, moods, and reactions
ex: Slumping in your chair after getting in trouble, fist pumping when scoring a goal
masking ✔✔replacing an expression that shows true feeling with an expression to show different feelings
ex: server smiling at customers even if they are having a terrible day
cues ✔✔give us info abt emotional/physical states
back channel cues ✔✔signal that we want to talk or we want others to talk
nationality ✔✔our status as a citizen of a particular country
