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A comprehensive overview of key concepts in communication, including its importance, nature, models, and types. It explores the role of verbal and nonverbal communication, including language, semantics, pragmatics, and nonverbal cues. The document also delves into cultural and relational contexts, communication apprehension, and effective communication strategies. It includes a series of questions and answers that can be used for study purposes, covering topics such as the nature of communication, communication models, and the importance of nonverbal communication.
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Why is communication important? ✔✔Essential to your personal and professional success
Nature of Communication ✔✔Unavoidable
Strategic
Relational
Instrumental
Identity management ✔✔How we desire to present ourselves
How is communication irreversible? ✔✔Once, we said it, we said it
How is communication a process? ✔✔A message isn't sent or received in isolation
What is the basic communication model? ✔✔Interaction model
What does the interaction model include? ✔✔Sender, channel, noise, feedback
Sender ✔✔person who transmits the message
Channel ✔✔method used to deliver the message
Noise ✔✔factors that interfere with the message
Feedback ✔✔receivers response to the message
Transactional model/competent model ✔✔Expands by recognizing additional types of contexts that affect communication (social, relational, cultural)
Social context ✔✔refers to the social norms that guide communication choices in certain situations
Relational context ✔✔refers to your relationship with those that you are communicating with/audience
Communication Apprehension ✔✔Someone's fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication. Varies person to person, context to context.
Characteristics of Effective Communication ✔✔Strategic, professional, adaptable
Being strategic ✔✔purposeful , Audience-oriented ,Persuasive
Being professional ✔✔Appropriate to the situation/context, Clear and concise, Ethical
Being adaptable ✔✔Culturally sensitive, Collaborative
What does verbal communication consist of? ✔✔Words and verbal fillers
Verbal fillers ✔✔Things like mmmmm
Language ✔✔System of symbols (words) that we use to think about and communicate
How is language symbolic? ✔✔words are symbols that represent people, ideas or things and agreed upon by a language using community
Example of how language is symbolic ✔✔When the word "dog" is said, you might picture your own dog or one that you saw on tv or a friends dog
Semantics ✔✔involves the meaning of words and their meaning within sentences
Pragmatics ✔✔takes the words and meanings but also considers the context in which the words are used
Denotative meanings ✔✔a word's commonly accepted definition
Example of denotative meaning ✔✔dog is commonly accepted as the animal, but also known as a person who is unpleasant or wicked
Connotative Meaning ✔✔a word's emotional or attitudinal response people have to the word
Equivocation ✔✔uses words that have unclear or misleading definitions and helps a speaker to maybe avoid uncomfortable situations
Example of equivocation ✔✔friend gets bad haircut and said it is "very fashionable." Even though you don't think it suits them, you don't hurt their feelings
Euphemisms ✔✔inoffensive words or phrases that substitute for potentially upsetting terms
Example of euphemisms ✔✔could say that a loved one has passed away instead or saying they died
Why do we use strategic ambiguity? ✔✔To promote harmony, To soften difficult messages, To make a point indirectly
Slang ✔✔non standard language used by a particular group of people during a specific time and place. It is a high level abstraction and can identify people by group
Example of slang ✔✔could tell someone was from norcal because they said "hella" instead of "very"
Jargon ✔✔technical language that is specific to professions or interest groups and can be abstract to those outside of the group but clear to group members
Example of jargon ✔✔watching enough Law and Order can teach you enough police jargon (call a bus means call an ambulance)
Inflammatory Language ✔✔Avoid hate speech, labeling, and biased language
Hate speech ✔✔offensive words to deride a person or group
Labeling ✔✔how we limit people and constraint them
Bias ✔✔can affect how others perceive you
Situational context ✔✔different situations call for different speech repertoires
Intensifiers ✔✔heighten or intensify topics
Example of intensifiers ✔✔I'm so excited vs I'm excited
Qualifiers ✔✔kind of, maybe, possibly
Hedges ✔✔adding things like "I think" or I feel"
Disclaimers ✔✔"it's probably nothing but" or "this may not be important but"
Tag questions ✔✔establish a connection
Example of tag question ✔✔"he was really rude, wasn't he?"
nonverbal behavior ✔✔communicative and can convey a message without words and in addition to words. Often spontaneous and considered unintentional. It is ambiguous. Can have multiple meanings.
example of nonverbal behavior ✔✔recently got lasik eye surgery but before wore contacts and had stuff in eye constantly and couldnt see well. Wouldnt be able to see others wave or smile so didnt acknowledge them and came across snobby
Nonverbal behavior having multiple meanings example ✔✔when you are tearing up, it could be a happy cry or a sad cry or a frustrated cry
Why do people tend to believe nonverbal communication over verbal communication? ✔✔people have less control over nonverbal communication so others find it a more reliable indicator of the truth
example of why people believe nonverbal over verbal communication ✔✔people saying they are ok but nonverbally acting not okay, meaning they probably arent ok
3 things that nonverbal messages require in professional setting ✔✔Senders frame of reference, Cultural background, Specific situation
informal formal dimension example ✔✔you would behave differently if you are at a pub versus a fancy restaurant. Behave differently at a funeral vs a young child's birthday
When do people notice/become uncomfortable in nonverbal communication? ✔✔when nonverbal communication does not fit with the dimensions appropriately
Things that can tell a lot about your role/status in an organization ✔✔Clothes,
size/location of a person's office, where someone sits in a meeting (who sits by whom, does it happen repeatedly?)
example of how things can communicate status in an organization ✔✔when professor was in finance, it was clear who director was based on size and location of her office.
Signs of power in nonverbal communication ✔✔confident movement and posture and relaxed behavior. Some also violate others personal space.
Signs of weakness in nonverbal communication ✔✔controlled movement or tense or hesitant to stand up or sitting very forward or playing with an object or nervous shaking
example of weakness in nonverbal communication ✔✔In public speaking, someone passed the beginning of jitters by stopping nervous shaking
Why should people who do international business have training? ✔✔they could have culture shock. Most americans assume that other countries behave the same as the us.
Expectancy violation theory ✔✔deals with how people respond when the nonverbal expectations they are waiting for are not met. Likely to happen when interacting with those from other cultures but not necessarily
example of expectancy violation theory ✔✔walking into elevator, expectation is to walk in, turn around, and face the door you just came in from and either push the button you need or have someone else do it. Then stand there patiently until you reach your floor. You can violate the expectation by facing the people in the elevator and trying to have a conversation with them, which will make them uncomfortable. Some may say it is because it is a confined space and people don't have a lot of control.
immediacy behaviors ✔✔behaviors that promote a sense of closeness through a specific verbal, vocal, and visual behavior. Great leaders use this to great affect. Using this can improve
examples of regulators ✔✔in tradition lecture you might raise your hand when you'd like to speak
adaptors ✔✔habitual movements that tend to satisfy a physical or psychological need and usually to reduce discomfort. Not usually conscious
example of adaptors ✔✔rubbing eyes when tired, twirling hair when nervous or bored.
affect displays ✔✔convey feelings, moods, and reactions
example of affect displays ✔✔professors son sit in chair and slump when he gets in trouble. When someone hits the table when they are mad
Facial expressions ✔✔face is responsible for the most meaning in nonvebral messages. Humans use faces to indicate emotions. Lots of facial expressions are culturally learned but some are innate
Example of a place with open facial expressions ✔✔United States
Example of a place with surpressed facial expressions ✔✔Most Asian countries
innate expressions ✔✔Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Fear, Interest, Surprise, Happiness
How can emotions be concealed? ✔✔consciously manipulating our faces to give off an expression
Masking ✔✔when we replace an expression that shows true feeling that shows a different feeling. Actors use this a lot.
example of masking ✔✔servers smile at customers even if they are having a bad day or have bad customers
Oculesics ✔✔Eye contact expression and movement
What is the most expressive part of the face? ✔✔eyes
example of how artifacts change overtime ✔✔Tattoos used to be unaccepted in most professional workplaces but less of the case today
proxemics ✔✔the study of how we use and communicate with space informal distance and space and personal space vary from culture to culture, family to family, etc
example of proxemics ✔✔in professors home, they have large home for not many people but always end up together in same space
territoriality ✔✔when we claim an area through continuous occupation of an area. Can be public or private spaces
example of territoriality ✔✔school desks. Same Students will typically sit in front but occasionally someone else will take that spot and you can see other student who normally sits there is irritated cause there "space" has been taken.
environment ✔✔produces emotional response. Things like color, lighting, room size, odor, noise, heat, furniture arrangements give us an emotional response.
haptics ✔✔use of touch to send messages and strongly influenced by culture and family to family
example of haptics ✔✔when professor first starting teaching, she would tend to reach out and touch a student's hand and only some students were ok with it. Also, Hugging someone you really like or miss and sometimes they aren't comfortable with this.
Chronemics ✔✔reaction to time and are particularly culturally determined. Includes things likes how late someone is, how much time is spent with certain people
example of chronemics ✔✔professors husband believes being ontime is being five minutes early. Works well in most situations except one time professor and husband showed up five minutes early and hosts were still decorating
paralanguage ✔✔vocalized sounds that accompany our words
pitch ✔✔giving prominence to a certain word or syllable or when someone has a high or low voice
