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A comprehensive overview of key communication theories and concepts, including the transmission model, smcr model, encoding and decoding theory, and social information processing theory. It also explores the impact of gender and culture on communication, and examines the role of communication in interpersonal relationships and political discourse. Particularly useful for students studying communication, media, and social sciences.
Typology: Exams
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Communication ✔✔the process of sending and receiving messages/information
pyramid of communication ✔✔societal: w society, large mass audience
institutional: large organizations/instit
group: ppl w high group iden
interpersonal: 2+ ppl
intrapersonal: with self
theories of communication goals ✔✔find its meaning and function to provide explanation
theory ✔✔statement(s) about reality to explain or predict relationships/phenomena
Transmission Model of Communication ✔✔- a linear process
sender --> message --> channel --> receiver --> effect
Noise ✔✔any disturbance that interferes with the transmission of a message and prevents the desired effect from being reached
SMCR Model of Communication (Berlo) ✔✔- message comes from sender source
Circulation:
Use:
Reproduction:
Theory of Encoding and Decoding Meanings ✔✔Dominant:
Negotiated:
Oppositional:
language ✔✔a system of symbols that ppl use to transfer meaning among themselves and communicate
speech acts ✔✔the actions that we perform with language; performative function
pragmatics ✔✔how context/social setting plays a role in language interpretation
Implicature ✔✔how ppl transfer meaning that is more than what they are literally saying; additional meaning
figurative language ✔✔writing or speech that is not meant to be taken literally
language attitudes ✔✔opinions, ideas and prejudices that speakers have with respect to a language/based on the language they use
Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication ✔✔a linear model that defines human communication as the transmission of information from a source to a receiver
Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) ✔✔human communication that happens through the use of digital devices
social network sites ✔✔websites that allow users to meet, communicate, and share information online
CSCW ✔✔(Computer-Supported Cooperative Work)
social presence theory ✔✔theory that suggests face-to-face communication is generally high in social presence
social presence ✔✔awareness of others
media richness theory ✔✔theory that describes the potential information-carrying capacity of a communication medium/to reproduce the info sent over it
equivocality ✔✔high equivocality = uncertain/ambiguous; requires richer mediums
low equivocality = clear, well defined
Reduced Social Context Cues ✔✔- lack of status cues, norms, etiquette
Trait vs. State ✔✔Trait - stable, long-lasting, consistent; do not depend on the situation.
State - unstable, short-term and subject to change according to the environment
Gender-Based Language Use ✔✔when people communicate in ways in relation to their gender identity
assertiveness ✔✔- associated w masculinity
➜ can be expressed through interruptions, disagreeing, criticizing
affiliation ✔✔- associated w femininity
➜ expressed through compliments, support, praise
consequences of gender based language use ✔✔- judgement
➜ consequences are relatively small
glass ceiling effect ✔✔invisible barrier limiting career advancement of women and minorities
Culture ✔✔learned pattern of beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people
iceberg culture metaphor ✔✔- visible: artifacts and behaviors; aware of
--> end: exit,
return to contact stage,
remain in involvement stage,
or move to intimacy stage
intimacy stage ✔✔- commit self further to other person
--> deterioration or not
deterioration stage ✔✔- feel dissatisfaction w everyday interaction
--> repair or dissolution stage
repair stage ✔✔intrapersonal repair and interpersonal repair
dissolution stage ✔✔- bonds between ppl are broken
social penetration theory ✔✔theory that proposes relationships develop through increases in self- disclosure and communication increases in breadth and depth
Autonomy vs. Connection ✔✔desire to be your own person vs. desire to be close to others
openness vs closeness ✔✔wanting self-disclosure/open communication but also wanting privacy
Novelty vs. Predictability ✔✔need for stability vs need for excitement and change
political impact of news ✔✔- news influences public opinion which then influences politics
agenda setting effect ✔✔news ability to effect public agenda by drawing their attention to certain issues
news priming effect ✔✔Tendency to evaluate the president on the issue emphasized in the news; news shapes the criterion of political decision
framing effect ✔✔- coverage of issue influencing how audience sees issue; decision-making bias that results from the way a decision, question, or problem is worded
