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Communication theory and Process of communication theory, Study notes of Theories of Communication

Bowdoin CollegeTheories of Communication

This document will explain the Communication Process and the Key Elements.

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

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COMMUNICATION THEORY
I. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
Definitions:
1. Communication is a process of passing information and understanding from one
person to another.
Keith davis
2. Communication is any behaviour that results in an exchange of meaning.
The American Management Association
3. Communication may be broadly defined as the process of meaningful interaction
among human beings. More specifically, it is the process by which meanings are perceived
and understandings are reached among human beings.
D.E. McFarland
4. Communication is the process by which information is passed between individuals
and/ or organisations by means of previously agreed symbols.
Peter Little
( Write any one of the above definition)
All these definitions show that communication involves exchange of thoughts between two
parties. It is the transmission of information and meaning. The most important element is
meaning.
Communication Process and the Key Elements
A. Sender: The sender begins the process of communication. The sender has to be clear
about the purpose (goal) of the communication and about the receiver of the communication.
Conscious or intended communication has a purpose. We communicate because we want to
influence other person.
B. Message: Message is the expression of sender’s idea, thought or feelings. It is the
encoded content of the speaker which is created by using words or other symbols that can be
understood by the intended receiver.
C. Medium: Medium refers to sender’s choice of the communicative form, that is,
whether the message should be conveyed in the Oral, Written or Non-Verbal methods
communication. The choice of Channel depends on the choice of Medium.
D. Channel: The sender also chooses a suitable channel to send the message. It can be
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COMMUNICATION THEORY

I. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION Definitions:

  1. Communication is a process of passing information and understanding from one person to another. Keith davis
  2. Communication is any behaviour that results in an exchange of meaning. The American Management Association
  3. Communication may be broadly defined as the process of meaningful interaction among human beings. More specifically, it is the process by which meanings are perceived and understandings are reached among human beings. D.E. McFarland
  4. Communication is the process by which information is passed between individuals and/ or organisations by means of previously agreed symbols. Peter Little ( Write any one of the above definition) All these definitions show that communication involves exchange of thoughts between two parties. It is the transmission of information and meaning. The most important element is meaning. Communication Process and the Key Elements A. Sender: The sender begins the process of communication. The sender has to be clear about the purpose (goal) of the communication and about the receiver of the communication. Conscious or intended communication has a purpose. We communicate because we want to influence other person. B. Message : Message is the expression of sender’s idea, thought or feelings. It is the encoded content of the speaker which is created by using words or other symbols that can be understood by the intended receiver. C. Medium: Medium refers to sender’s choice of the communicative form, that is, whether the message should be conveyed in the Oral, Written or Non-Verbal methods communication. The choice of Channel depends on the choice of Medium. D. Channel: The sender also chooses a suitable channel to send the message. It can be

face-to-face talk, telephone, mail, e-mail etc. The choice of the channel depends on several factors like urgency of the message, availability and effectiveness of the channel, and the relationship between the sender and the receiver. The choice of the channel also influences the shape of the message. E. Receiver: Receiver is the one for whom the message is intended. He/She receives the message and perceives it with his/her senses. The receiver attends the message and interprets it. F. Feedback: Feedback is the final link of the process of communication. It is the response given by the receiver after receiving the message. It may be conscious or unconscious. It may be verbal or nonverbal. Feedback plays an important role in the process of communication. The success of communication depends upon the feedback. If there is no feedback from receiver’s side then the process is supposed to be incomplete. The feedback tells sender whether the receiver has understood the message as he intended or requires more clarification. G. Context/ Environment/ Time Context is the set of circumstances that surround an event and influences the significance. It is the background of the events which lead to the message being sent. A message may acquire a different meaning in a changed context. The context influences the sender's encoding and the receiver's decoding, and also each one's interpretation. The relationship between the sender and the receiver is also a part of the context; the receiver tries to interpret messages in the context of the relationship. Environment is also an important element of the communication process, because every communication takes place in an environment. Environment includes several things. The most important is the place in which the communication takes place; if it is pleasant and comfortable, the communication is better. Noise or disturbance in the environment usually hinders the flow of communication. The political, cultural, legal, technological environment influences communication as they may affect the content of the message. Time is also an important element of the environment. The time of the communication affects the communication. The length of time taken by a communication event influences the quality of communication. Too long can be tiring and boring; too short may be insufficient. Also, there is a right time for giving some information. If it is given too late, it may be useless; if it is too early, receivers may not be ready for it and may not understand it. The process of communication The process of communication involves following processes:

1. Ideation: Ideation refers to the formation of idea or selection of the message to be communicated by the Sender. The scope of ideation is determined by the sender’s knowledge & experiences as well as the purpose and context of communication. 2. Encoding: It is the process of changing the idea into some form of logical and coded

I. Characteristics of Communication

Communication is Unintentional as well as intentional Communication takes place even when we do not plan it and when we are not conscious of It; we may communicate something that we had not intended to communicate. Our non- verbal communication, which is always present, conveys something about us. We do not always succeed in conveying exactly what we want to; the receiver may receive less or more, or even misunderstand. In fact, communication does not happen exactly as the sender wishes. It often fails.  Communication is a dynamic process A process is an outgoing activity. Communication is a process and is always changing, it grows and develops. Even if the same two persons exchange the same ideas again, the communication will not be same as it was the first time, because the two persons have grown and developed since then. Every time we communicate we bring it all our experience, feelings, thoughts, attitudes which have been formed by other communication events.  Communication is systemic Every component of the process is affected by every other component. All the elements of communication like the source, the environment, the medium, the nature of the message, the receiver, the feedback all affect one another. If the audience is inattentive or uninterested, the source is not able to communicate effectively. If a wrong message is chosen, the message may fail to have the expected result; if the sender's goal is not clear, the message will be confused. Disturbance at any stage in the communication process affects the entire process.  Communication is both transaction and interaction The source and the receiver exchange ideas and information and influence each other during the process of communication. Transaction means conveying of factual and objective information and interaction means conveying of feelings and emotions. Question Bank

1. Define communication and explain the process of Communication.

2. Write short notes on: i. Feedback ii. Encoding and Decoding iii. influence of environment and context on communication 3. Deferentiate between: i. Encoding and Decoding ii. Medium and channel 4. Application questions Example: A student sends an on-line application to ABC Company and receives a call for an interview. Sample Answer Sender: Student Receiver: ABC Company Medium/channel: written communication, on-line(e-mail) Feedback: Call from an interview