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BIOL 2200 Final Exam | 100% Correct
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A fish is excreting large volumes of water; we would describe it as ______________________ relative to its environment. - ✔✔An osmoregulator that is hyperosmotic. Which of the following animals likely makes the most nitrogenous waste? A. Frugivorous Bat B. Insectivorous Frog C. Piscivorous Seal D. Granivorous Bird - ✔✔C. Piscivorous Seal Which of the following statements about mammalian excretion if FALSE: A. Substances like solutes always diffuse across the nephron membrane, with direction based on differences in the concentration gradient B. Whenever water is diffusing out of nephron, solutes are diffusing in C. Water resorption happens at every stage of the process, making the waste more and more concentrated D. A & B E. A, B, and C - ✔✔E. A, B, and C The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that ________. - ✔✔Urea is less toxic than ammonia Uric acid is the _______________ toxic form of nitrogenous waste, has a very _____________ water loss, and a very _____________________ energy expenditure. - ✔✔Least Low High
Ammonia is likely to be the primary form of nitrogenous waste in an environment with a mass abundance of _______________. - ✔✔Water The figure shows the human excretory system. Letters from A to E mark the definite structures of this system. Letter A marks the vessels that nourish the kidney. Letter B marks the tube, which goes from the kidney to bladder. Letter C marks the sac in the pelvis. Letter D marks bean-shaped organ. Letter E marks the tube, which goes from bladder to outside. Which labels the urethra? - ✔✔E Urine formed by a kidney collects in the _____ before being drained from the kidney by the _____ and transported to the _____. - ✔✔Renal Pelvis Ureter Urinary Bladder Fluid from the glomerulus first collects in ____________________________. - ✔✔Bowman's Capsule The _____ are the major blood vessels transporting blood to the kidneys. - ✔✔Renal Arteries What is the functional unit of a kidney? - ✔✔Nephron The ________________ is the outer part of the kidney. - ✔✔Cortex What is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, leading to a reduction in the overall filtrate volume? - ✔✔Water, NaCl, Ions, and Nutrients The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ____________, while it is impermeable to _________________. - ✔✔NaCl Water
A. Herbivores have short alimentary canals relative to carnivores because plant material is easy to digest B. Herbivores have a long cecum relative to carnivores because bacteria help digest plant material C. Omnivores have shorter alimentary canals than carnivores because they eat both plants and animals D. All of the above E. None of the above - ✔✔B. Which of the following statements is true? A. Extracellular digestion requires specialized digestive organs B. The human cecum plays a key role in digesting plant material C. Chemical digestion is largely completed in the stomach D. The liver is in chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients E. None of the above - ✔✔D. Sexual reproduction is common among animals, but many plants asexually reproduce. Why? A. Plants make their gametes via mitosis, so sexual reproduction does increase genetic diversity as effectively as it does in animals B. Plants are sessile, so finding a partner can be difficult and some reproduction is better than no reproduction C. In general, plants have shorter lifespans, so its more important for them to make lots of offspring D. A & B E. All of the Above - ✔✔B. Differences in sperm and egg production in humans have consequences for the likelihood of successful fertilization. Which of the following is false? A. As a man gets older, his sperm quality decreases B. As a man gets older, his sperm quantity decreases C. As a woman gets older, her egg quality decreases D. As a woman gets older, her egg quantity decreases E. All of the above are true - ✔✔B.
For which of the following components of gametogenesis is the number the same in human male and females? A. Interruptions in meiotic divisions B. Functional gametes produced by meiosis C. Meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete D. Ploidy level of mature gametes E. Two of the Above - ✔✔C & D Do all animals have a circulatory system? A. Yes, because this is how Oxygen is distributed to animal cells B. No, because some animals make their own Oxygen C. No, because some animals distribute Oxygen through first contact of hemolymph D. No, because some animals can exchange material directly with their environment - ✔✔D Terms:
- Arteries
- Atrium
- Capillaries
- Veins
- Ventricle Definitions: A. carries blood from heart to organs B. carries blood from organs to heart C. found near every cell in the body D. where blood enters heart E. where blood exits heart - ✔✔ 1 - A 2 - D 3 - C
An _______________________ is an organ that directly contributes to digestion but does not have food pass through it. - ✔✔Accessory organ Is the liver part of the alimentary canal? - ✔✔No, its an accessory organ Proteins that are consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual ____________________. - ✔✔Amino Acids Where does carbohydrate digestion begin and with the help of which secretion? - ✔✔Mouth Salivary Amylase Where is fat digestion completed and with the help of which secretion? - ✔✔Small Intestine Pancreatic Lipases Sharp scissor-like teeth suggest a high _____________ diet. - ✔✔Protein Sexual reproduction produces ____________________ phenotypes, which may result in a higher ___________________ of a population. - ✔✔Diverse Survivability Genetic mutations in asexually reproducing organisms lead to more evolutionary change than do genetic mutations in sexually reproducing ones because _____. - ✔✔asexually reproducing organisms, but not sexually reproducing organisms, pass all mutations on to their offspring What is the "twofold" cost of sex? - ✔✔The higher number of female offspring produced by an asexual female Humans form gametes through a process called ______________________. - ✔✔Gametogenesis
What role do germ cells play in gametogenesis? - ✔✔They produce cells that divide by mitosis and then undergo meiosis to form gametes. What products are formed when a diploid cell undergoes meiosis? - ✔✔Four haploid cells "Beginning at puberty, a primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division to form a secondary oocyte and a polar body approximately every month" is a characteristic of _____________________ in humans.
- ✔✔Oogenesis Which male diploid cells are produced by an embryonic germ cell? - ✔✔Spermatogonia Spermatogonia divide by _____________ and differentiate into primary _______________. Starting at puberty, hormones stimulate the primary spermatocytes to undergo _____________ to form ___________________ spermatocytes, which then undergo ________________ to form ___________________. - ✔✔Mitosis Spermatocytes Meiosis I Secondary Meiosis II Spermatids How does spermatogenesis differ from oogenesis? - ✔✔Diploid cells give rise to four functional gametes in spermatogenesis, while they give rice to only one functional gamete in oogenesis External fertilization calls for a __________________ environment. - ✔✔Moist Egg laying in fruit flies can be triggered (induced) when males deposit their sperm in the spermathecae of the females. What is the selective advantage of induced egg laying for the male flies? - ✔✔Induced egg laying ensures that a male fly's sperm is used for fertilization.
The pulmonary circulation is the lower-pressure circuit to the lung, whereas the systemic circulation is the higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body. What is the function of the left ventricle? - ✔✔It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation. Valves prevent the _________________ of blood into the atria and ventricles. - ✔✔Backflow Which event occurs first during atrial and ventricular diastole? - ✔✔The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria. Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured? - ✔✔The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria. In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the ______________. - ✔✔Lungs Based on the bloody vocabulary we learned last class, which of the following describes a direct relationship between parts of the mammalian circulatory system? A. Vena Cava to ventricle B. Ventricle to veins C. Atrium to aorta D. Arteries to atrium E. None of the above - ✔✔E. The first stage of heart disease is atherosclerosis, the hardening of arteries through the accumulation of fatty deposits. Atherosclerosis often start with an injury to the endothelium, which leads to a build up of cells in the artery walls. Which factors increase the risk of atherosclerosis? A. Low Blood Pressure B. High Blood Pressure C. A diet high in cholesterol
D. A & C
E. B & C - ✔✔E.
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by sickle-shaped red blood cells. it is caused by the production of abnormal hemoglobin, which aggregates within red blood cells, altering the shape of the cell. Sickle cells often block the flow of blood in arterioles and capillaries; they also rupture frequently. Which of the following treatments can help a sufferer of sickle cell? A. Plasma transfusion B. Blood transfusion C. Bone marrow transplant D. Iron supplements E. Two of the above - ✔✔E. B. & C. Which of the following statements about human blood is FALSE? A. White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow B. Red blood cells are the most numerous blood cell C. A major role of the dissolved ions in plasma is to buffer blood pH D. Platelets play a key role in the immune system E. There is no false answer - ✔✔D. Acquiring oxygen on land requires several key adaptations. Which group of animals is the first to have lungs? A. Tetrapods B. Amniotes C. Lobe-finned Fish D. Ray-finned Fish E. Jawed animals - ✔✔D.
A motor neuron _________________ a lot of information and _______________ very little. - ✔✔Receives Transmits An interneuron typically has: A. highly branched axons and dendrites with an advanced structure B. Highly branched dendrites and minimally branched axons C. Minimally branched axons and dendrites - ✔✔A. A sensory neuron typically has: A. highly branched axons and dendrites with an advanced structure B. Highly branched dendrites and minimally branched axons C. Minimally branched axons and dendrites with a very simple structure - ✔✔C. The dorsal hollow nerve cord develops into the brain and spinal cord. What derived trait of all chordates plays a key role in supporting the vertebrate CNS? A. Vertebrae B. Notochord C. Pharyngeal slits D. Post anal tail - ✔✔B. Cerebrospinal fluid also plays a key role in the regulation of what physiological process? A. Digestion B. Excretion C. Gas exchange D. Circulation - ✔✔C. Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario?
- ✔✔The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure. Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-______________ blood to the heart. - ✔✔Rich What purpose do capillary beds serve in circulation? - ✔✔Diffusion of oxygen and nutrients White blood cells or ________________________ fight infection. - ✔✔Leukocytes Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the _____. - ✔✔development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls You cut your finger, and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes, you notice that it is still bleeding profusely. What may be the problem? - ✔✔Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective. Capillaries found where in fish, serve the same function as our lungs? - ✔✔Gills The _____________________ of oxygen in blood increases as it flows through gill capillaries. - ✔✔Partial Pressure In order for net diffusion to occur in fish respiration, the partial pressure of oxygen must be higher in the _________________ than the ___________________. - ✔✔Water Blood How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight? - ✔✔Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation. Name the path air flow takes into a mammal. - ✔✔Larynx Trachea
A nerve impulse moves toward a neuron's cell body along _____. - ✔✔Dendrites A nerve impulse moves away from a neuron's cell body along _____. - ✔✔Axon An impulse relayed along a myelinated axon "jumps" from _____ to _____. - ✔✔Node of Ranvier Node of Ranvier Axons insulated by a(n) _____ are able to conduct impulses faster than those not so insulated. - ✔✔Myelin Sheath What type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron? - ✔✔Schwann Cells What part of a neuron relays signals from one neuron to another neuron or to an effector? - ✔✔Synaptic Terminal The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have _____. - ✔✔Radial Symmetry In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that transmits "efferent" impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal segments is the _____. - ✔✔Peripheral Nervous System The central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the human brain contain a filtrate of the blood, called _____. - ✔✔Cerebrospinal Fluid In humans, control of balance and coordinated movements are associated with increased activity in the ________. - ✔✔Cerebellum The stretch sensors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk reflex are located in the _____. - ✔✔Quadriceps muscles
The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact _____. - ✔✔Spinal Cord Injury localized to the ___________________ would most likely disrupt regulation of body temperature.
- ✔✔Hypothalamus After eating a large meal, which branch of your nervous system is activated? - ✔✔Enteric Which of the following is incorrectly paired? A. Afferent neurons - information from CNS to PNS B. Parasympathetic division of ANS - calming or relaxing C. Interneurons - Involved in integration of information D. Central Nervous System - Brain and Spinal Cord E. All answers are correct - ✔✔A. Why are long and short-term memories formed differently? A. The brain has limited capacity in the cerebral cortex, so less important information is placed in an alternate location B. Regional specialization: tasks with different functions should be stored in different areas C. Gradual integration of new memories can help the brain make connection with related knowledge or experiences D. A & B E. A, B, & C - ✔✔C. ________________________ is the form of feeding that involves straining small food from the surroundings. - ✔✔Filter Feeding _________________________ requires living in or on the food. - ✔✔Substrate Feeding ___________________________ is done by mosquitos, and involves sucking fluid with nutrients from living hosts. - ✔✔Fluid Feeding
Saliva also protects the mouth against _____________________, neutralizes _____________, and contains ___________________ agents. - ✔✔Abrasions Acids Antimicrobial Before reaching the stomach, food first travels through the ___________________ and _____________________. - ✔✔Pharynx Esophagus ________________________ juices are mostly responsible for chemical digestion, with _____________ denaturing proteins, _______________ breaking down peptide bonds of _________________, and a pH of ___. - ✔✔Gastric HCL Pepsin Proteins 2 Smooth muscles of the stomach __________ to aid in digestion, resulting in a nutrient-rich broth called __________. - ✔✔Churn Chyme To prevent damage to the body, the stomach's gastric juices are _____________ until released into lumen, _____________ is secreted from gastric glands to protect the stomach lining, there is a new layer of ____________________ cells every 3 days, and gastric juices are restricted to the stomach by ____________________ muscles. - ✔✔Inactive Mucus Epithelial Sphincter The _________________ intestine is small in diameter but large in length. - ✔✔Small
Digestion is completed in the first portion of the small intestine called the ___________________. - ✔✔Duodenum Digestion in the Duodenum occurs by means of juices from the pancreas, which are __________________, neutralizing stomach acid and _____________ from the liver digesting _____________. - ✔✔Alkaline Bile Lipids The two portions of the small intestine following the duodenum are the ______________ and _________________, which are responsible for ______________. - ✔✔Jejunum Ileum Absorption _________________ and ______________ in the Jejunum and Ileum increase surface area allowing for more absorption. - ✔✔Villi Microvilli Capillaries and veins transport nutrients to the ______________ for regulation/conversion, then to the ________________. - ✔✔Liver Heart Fats are ___________________, recombined to triglycerides, and travel to the ____________________ system before the heart. - ✔✔Hydrolyzed Lymphatic Aiding in the prevention of desiccation, the Jejunum and Ileum and responsible largely for _________________ recovery during digestion. - ✔✔Water ____________________ occurs in the Cecum, which is very _____________ and has a very _________________ function in humans. - ✔✔Fermentation
