Compare Programming Languages - Programming Languages - Lecture Slides, Slides of Programming Languages

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Comparison among

Programming Languages

Lecture Outline[ 1 / 2 ]

• Object Orientation
• Static vs. dynamic typing
• Generic classes
• Inheritance
• Feature renaming
• Method overloading
• Operator overloading
• Higher Order Functions and Lexical Closures
• Garbage Collection

Object orientation:

There are several qualities for Object Oriented Languages: •

• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism/dynamic binding.
• All operation performed by sending messages to object.
• All user-defined types are object. Java C# C++ Paython Visual basic Hybrid Hybrid Hybrid/multi-paradigm Hybrid Particular support

Static vs. dynamic typing

• A dynamic type system doesn't require variables to be declared as a

specific type.

• Statically type languages requires that all

variables are declared with specific type.

Java C# C++ Paython Visual basic Static Static Static Dynamic Static

Inheritance

• the ability for a class or object to be defined as an extension or

specialization of another class or object.

• Most object-oriented languages support class-based inheritance.
• others such as SELF and JavaScript support object-based inheritance.
• A few languages, notably Python and Ruby, support both class- and

object-based inheritance.

Java C# C++ Paython Visual basic Single class – multiple multiple multiple None interfaces Single class – multiple interfaces

Feature renaming

• Feature renaming is the ability for a class or object to rename one of

its features (a term used to collectively refer to attributes and

methods) that it inherited from a super class.

Java C# C++ Paython Visual basic yes yes– yes No No

Operator overloading

• ability for a programmer to define an operator (such as +, or *) for

user-defined types.

Java C# C++ Paython Visual basic No Yes yes Yes No

Higher Order Functions and Lexical Closures

• Higher Order Functions:
  • functions that can be treated as if they were data objects.
  • they can be bound to variables (including the ability to be stored in collections).
  • can be passed to other functions as parameters.
  • can be returned as the result of other functions.
• Lexical Closure
  • bundling up the lexical (static) scope surrounding the function

with the function itself, so that the function carries its surrounding

environment around with it wherever it may be used.

Java C# C++ Paython Visual basic No Yes yes Yes No

Uniform Access

• All services offered by a mod-ule should be available through a

notation, which does not betray whether they are implemented

through storage or through computation.

Java C# C++ Paython Visual basic No No No No Yes

Class Variables/Methods

• Class variables and methods are owned by a class, and not any

particular instance of a class

• This means that for however many instances of a class exist at any

given point in time, only one copy of each class variable/method

exists and is shared by every instance of the class.

Java C# C++ Paython Visual basic yes Yes yes No Yes

Access Control

• ability for a modules implementation to remain hidden behind its

public interface.

Java C# C++ Paython Visual basic Public – private Name mangling Public-private

• protected Public – private
• protected Public – private
• protected

Design by Contract

• Design by Contract (DBC) is the ability to incorporate important

aspects of a specification into the software that is implementing it.

The most important features of DBC are:

• Pre-conditions, which are conditions that must be true before a method is

invoked

• Post-conditions, which are conditions guaranteed to be true after the

invocation of a method.

• Invariants, which are conditions guaranteed to be true at any stable point

during the lifetime of an object..

Java C# C++ Paython Visual basic No No No No No

Regular Expressions

• pattern matching constructs capable of recognizing the class of

languages known as regular languages.

Java C# C++ Paython Visual basic Standard libraries Standard libraries No Standard libraries No

Pointer Arithmetic

• ability for a language to directly manipulate memory addresses and

their contents.

Java C# C++ Paython Visual basic No Yes Yes No No