Components of Drone, Study notes of Computer Science

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COMPONENTS OF DRONE

DHARM REMOTE PILOT MASTER INSTRUCTOR

Dharm

Dharm A Brushless DC Motor, or BLDC motor, is an electric motor that utilizes electronic commutation instead of brushes for controlling the flow of electrical current. It is a type of synchronous motor, meaning the magnetic field produced by the stator and the rotor rotates at the same frequency

Brushless Direct Current Motor

Working Principles

• 1. Stator: The stationary part of the motor, the stator, contains coils of wire that are connected to the power supply. These coils create a rotating magnetic field when energized.
• 2. Rotor: The rotor, the rotating part of the motor, typically consists of permanent magnets. These magnets interact with the magnetic field produced by the stator, resulting in the rotation of the rotor
• 3. Electronic Commutation: Unlike brushed motors, BLDC motors use electronic commutation to control the direction of the current flow in the stator windings. This is achieved by sensors (like Hall effect sensors) that detect the position of the rotor. The controller then adjusts the timing of the current to maintain smooth rotation.
• 4. Sensorles Control: Some BLDC motors operate without sensors, relying on algorithms and back electromotive force (EMF) measurements to determine rotor position. This sensorles approach simplifies the motor design and reduces maintenance requirements.

Q-Tip Propeller Dharm Open Propeller (^) Toroidal Propeller

Frame Type

• Impact on Drone Performance:
• Aerodynamics: Durability and Crash Resistance: The airframe's durability is vital for withstanding crashes, impacts, and environmental conditions. Materials like carbon fiber are chosen for their strength, allowing the drone to endure rough landings or collisions without compromising structural integrity. A well-designed airframe minimizes drag and turbulence, enhancing overall aerodynamic efficiency. Streamlined shapes and carefully positioned components contribute to smoother airflow, reducing resistance and improving stability. The airframe's weight directly affects the drone's performance. A lighter frame contributes to increased agility and longer flight times as less energy is required for propulsion. However, the frame must strike a balance between weight and structural integrity to withstand external forces during flight. Dharm

ESCs act as intermediaries between the flight controller and the motors, ensuring that the drone moves according to the pilot's or autopilot's instructions. Importance: ESCs regulate the speed of the motors. Working Principle : They control the speed of the motors by adjusting the voltage and current supplied to them. Why We Use ESCs Electronic Speed Controllers are crucial for a few reasons

• 1. Precise Control ESCs provide precise control over motor speed, allowing the drone to manoeuvre smoothly and respond quickly to commands.
• 2. Efficiency They contribute to the overall efficiency of the drone by optimizing the power sent to the motors, preventing unnecessary energy loss.
• 3. Stability ESCs play a role in stabilizing the drone during flight. They help maintain a steady and balanced rotation of the motors, contributing to the drone's stability in the air.
• 4. Interfacing with Flight Controller Dharm

Flight Controller The brain of your drone

2. Gyroscope Function: Measures angular velocity and rate of rotation. Working Principle:*Utilizes the principles of angular momentum to sense the drone's rotation and maintain stability. 1. Accelerometer Function: Measures acceleration in multiple directions. - Working Principle: Uses tiny accelerometers to detect changes in velocity, helping the flight controller understand the drone's movement. Function: Measures atmospheric pressure. Working Principle: Uses changes in air pressure to estimate the drone's altitude. 3. Magnetometer \Compass Function: Determines the drone's orientation relative to Earth's magnetic field. Working Principle: Detects changes in magnetic fields to establish the drone's heading 4.Barometer

GPS (Global Positioning System) Function: Provides accurate location data.

Working Principle: Receives signals from satellites to triangulate the drone's position.

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Flow Sensor

• Function: Measures Flow rate. Flow Meters: Flow meters are devices that measure the flow rate of a liquid passing through them. In the context of spraying drones, flow meters are used to measure the volume of liquid being sprayed per unit of time. This information is crucial for determining the application rate and achieving uniform coverage. Dharm

Transmitters and Receivers The radio transmitter is the gadget that turns your controls into actual drone movements. It sends commands through different channels, with each one doing something like throttle, yaw, pitch or roll. The sticks translate your inputs into a digital signal that can be sent to the receiver. Dharm

PDB (Power Distribution Board) A Power Distribution Board (PDB) is a crucial component in a drone's electrical system. Its primary function is to manage and distribute electrical power from the drone's battery to various electronic components, ensuring a stable and organized power supply.

1.Voltage Monitoring

2. Current Sensing

3.Power Calculation

4.Battery Health Monitoring

5.Overcurrent and Overvoltage Protection Power Module in Drone Dharm