Download Comprehensive Biology Exam Review and more Exams Biomedicine in PDF only on Docsity!
Biology 189 final arizona college of
nursing Exam with correct answers
Where does glycolysis take place? - correct answer -cytoplasm Glycolysis: What goes in? (Reactants?) - correct answer -Glucose Gylcolysis: What comes out? (How many ATP, and what are the products?) - correct answer -2 ATP. pyruvate Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in the cell? - correct answer -mitochondrial matrix Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What goes in? (Reactants?) - correct answer -acetyl coenzyme A Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What comes out (products) - correct answer -3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 16ATP, 2CO Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell? - correct answer -Inner MEMBRANE mitochondria Electron transport chain What goes in? - correct answer -Hydrogen Electron transport chain What comes out? - correct answer -ATP How does a hydrogen ion gradient result potential energy? - correct answer -NADH + H AND FADH2 are oxidated and lose the positive hydrogen.
What is generated as a result of hydrogen ions being pumped back across the mitochondrial membrane? - correct answer -ATP What particle combines oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water? - correct answer -Complex 4, cytochrome C oxidase What is the final electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation? - correct answer -Oxygen From start to finish, approximately how many ATP molecules are generated from one molecules of ATP that gets processed in aerobic respiration? - correct answer -34-36 ATP What is produced from lactate fermentation? Alcohol fermentation? - correct answer -Lactate and alcohol,CO What are the basic steps of replication? - correct answer -DNA strands separate, primers hybridize, DNA Polymerase Assembles Nucleotides, Two DNA Molecules Are Produced Helicase - correct answer -An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. primer - correct answer -A short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand Polymerase - correct answer -an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA. Ligase - correct answer -An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment What are base pairs? - correct answer -Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine What does guanine pair with during DNA replication? - correct answer -Cytosine What does cytosine pair with during DNA replication? - correct answer -Guanine
Unit of information encoded in the sequence of nucleotide basis - correct answer -DNA ligase 1 connects the Okazaki fragments Is DNA usually double-stranded or single-stranded? - correct answer -double-stranded During transcription, what is the template and what is the product? - correct answer -DNA. The product is mRNA During transcription from DNA to RNA, you have the following DNA template. - correct answer -3' GTACGCTCA 5' What will be the resulting RNA strand? - correct answer -5' CATGCGAGT 3' mRNA - correct answer -messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome tRNA (transfer RNA) - correct answer -The form of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribsome to form the polypeptide chain (protein) rRNA (ribosomal RNA) - correct answer -directs the translation of mRNA into proteins What is the role of RNA polymerase? - correct answer --binds to DNA during transcription and separates the DNA strands -then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which to assemble nucleotides into a complementary strand of RNA Is RNA usually double stranded or single stranded? - correct answer -single stranded During transcription, which RNA nucleotide pairs with DNA's adenine? - correct answer -Uracil What is gene expression? - correct answer -the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation
Where does translation take place? Which organelle? - correct answer -cytoplasm in ribosomes What is a codon? - correct answer -a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. What is an exon? - correct answer -An expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein What is an intron? - correct answer -sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein (noncoding) deletion mutation - correct answer -a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene substitution mutation - correct answer -Mutation in which a single base is replaced, potentially altering the gene product. Insertion - correct answer -A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. Are mutations in exons or introns more likely to result in an altered protein? - correct answer -Exons Are mutations permanent or temporary changes in the DNA sequence? - correct answer -Permanent changes in the DNA Hershey and Chase - correct answer -concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein. Rosalind Franklin - correct answer -Used X-ray diffraction to discover the double-helical structure of DNA. Watson and Crick - correct answer -Developed the double helix model of DNA.
What is crossing over? - correct answer -the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. Does crossing over occur in mitosis? - correct answer -No, only in meiosis What is a karyotype? - correct answer -an individual's complete set of chromosomes What chromosome pairs is assigned female? - correct answer -XX What chromosome pairs is assigned male? - correct answer -XY What is the total chromosome number in humans? - correct answer - What is the difference between diploid cells and haploid cells? - correct answer -The number of chromosome sets that are found in the nucleus Does mitosis result in diploid or haploid cells? - correct answer -Diploid Does meiosis result in diploid or haploid cells? - correct answer -haploid Is the number of chromosomes in diploid cells half, double, or quadruple that of haploid cells? - correct answer -Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (n) as diploid - a haploid cell contains only one complete set of chromosomes. What is an autosome? - correct answer -Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome What is a sex chromosome? - correct answer -a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. What is nondisjunction? - correct answer -Failure for chromosomes to separate properly.
When does nondisjunction occur? - correct answer -when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis In which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? - correct answer -S phase What is down syndrome caused by? what is the result? - correct answer -Trisomy 21,distinct facial appearance, intellectual disability, developmental delays What is Marfan's syndrome? - correct answer -genetic condition that affects the body's connective tissue. Why are males more likely to exhibit X-linked disorders such as Fragile X syndrome? - correct answer - Because females have two copies of the X chromosome and males have only one X chromosome What is the equator of the cell? - correct answer -the central plane of the spindle in a dividing cell When does crossing over occur during cell division? - correct answer -between prophase I and metaphase I When do sister chromatids separate during mitosis? Meiosis? - correct answer -Anaphase, anaphase 1 How many daughter cells are produced by mitosis? Meiosis? Are they haploid or diploid? - correct answer -2 daughter cells mitosis , 4 daughter cells meiosis - haploid What part of the DNA might be the only physiological barrier to immortality? - correct answer - Telomeres What is an oncogene? - correct answer -a gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell. What is a tumor suppressor gene? - correct answer -a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer (put the brakes on the cell cycle.)
Affected female Male Female Carrier of trait What is a monohybrid cross? - correct answer -A cross between individuals heterozygous for a single character (for example Aa X Aa.) What is codominance? How does blood typing work? - correct answer -an inheritance pattern in which the full and separate phenotypic effects of two alleles are apparent in heterozygous individuals.blood typing is The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. How do X-linked disorders work? - correct answer -caused by variants in genes on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes in each cell. What is a polygenic trait? - correct answer -when multiple genes affect one trait What is a polyploidy trait? - correct answer -having three or more complete sets of chromosomes
