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Computer, NETWORKS tt Computes Nehwork. >A compubes Nekvorle is a ack In femple degrmro Compas convrectead a ale ee . ‘ Wad devicey ¢ onnected Jhnouph Anak. BNelwork * A nelwoork. i¢ a- sek af devices doak ane connected alla prygical media Mak. In ao nelwork Jno or more nodey on ¢ tonnecked by a plyeicod Merk. or two ek wore neluocorka ant cennedel by one or more woden, A node can be any devices whidy is capohle ob sendian or wecetuing the dota the Lake cere Bre noden ene brown ar communication channels, In ample dem, rebwork ts a colledton a Evie ganimented SO ead etlet Jo allows ehanins) of; data | # Beh Widdowy #n 1569, ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Nehwork) becomes Une pivek connecteol computer Webwork * UW implemented tne TCcP/1e protoca) , whith Jaber become the Udeaneh, © ARPANET nas dlevelopesl by Advanced Reawrarency (ARM \,a feubket- ob US Deporkment 4 defence ( Dor), q Why Aid He DoD need to develop Network Computers ? > Becowse of the Cold Wan bel” US Q USSR(Union Soviet Secialret Pebublicn) = , dhe goal oh APPANET 200 Jo Keep dino s Af Communieabion open if th, USA end the USSR decied 40 Eechany nuceon devicen, oe ARPANET wevoktontze dh Commuwicahon « by wor PAker-Awiteh- tembead of dlixect connechion, Doda ahs commuctiabed through o PALER -Zusilehi. buydleen %S formated into packebs with an adarcr of destinabion mad ne . aurch sent onto Hre nehrork oncl Plekiep by He ae MAUNIWE. “The addsens in protocol: tells the Melwe where bo end He backels his wou bre iho. WV Nectich Us ¢atendect iret a diveck connectton belh Moomathi nes, oot yy Utah , UCLA (Universi Califone LA and UCSA Curwertily Of, Cabs brad Santer Fares 4 iY se » i UrTahl Cty € — SH Rakic Tesms W Computer Nebwook_'. | | | | | | | eq CACY LU} Chient!- AR Went ts a Computer Hardware oleuice on seflucone dhrok acersem arervice made avedfable by a sewers... The sewer 7 often Cah not always) Jocafed an o Ss eponate phyvical comp, Ee} Sewer \) & sever is a phyrical Computes dedicated $0 wun Arericey to sexe Ihe needs: of colnes computers Depends) 2 4 the -samnicto Shab & Ani nay .U could bea [ie herve, a olalabage gemre?, Home _median sewer, puint gesver, wer perver Hovt A peek 3 Client — seuver vad war: Br 15 A Compuker, conneckedl do other Computers fer wdy Ur Pwoudes dala or sewlees over Hre nebwork antheory, Buer4 A compuker connecked Jo a nekwork ach on abhor to other 4 peexs on She network \ By Pee ‘© Peey TS a nobe Halk provides the same funciona) | Os onerher . Oy two camputers, YA nefusore, ore peers, edt a a compute ayohe on Keres ane nok peers a0 then Rotem q aditlese-t eperahe> . | Aeecr & Bormelres or Femeane ‘Hak by on equal mennbes a SOUP whese Hrexed Some Kind “of melatarchip belry Hie memo ers of Khe group: ] B] Gondwidth: delork. bendurth ts a menanemenl Indlcotieg tre maeimum capadt of a wired or wiselem compauricabion Unk do dyawami data aver a nebwore conne chon ta a gluen Owrouwrt uee. TypicAly boandwidHy hy weprerunied th he numbers. of bik, ellobits, megolelts or gigabits. Mnal-con be tsowemilbeck in L becond, Suncare: Synonymous wilh capacity bandwidth describes daha tranader rate, aed sSpeed. Specal wefers bo vate abwhich dete pec met t more Hae bandits 1s the copacltyy for Heat Speco, i @bes S rot bits /s Lenbps = $090000 laly/s Jkbes 2 1000 baits /g #! e & &. Ge. GY nowse Noise: *- ploise ts ann underiwed preyed ral calnoisph en Higses revrk , Abise is a unwarted clidunbancé superimposed av a troebus A} nal e whech tends to gacene Us t ormradiian corked 7 Teper + Theswral, Intesmodautation ,Crypstoll. cmd mapulse void \ LEY Britermation \. Dienucction meas dads ob wane Hrrengltn in nehworklng cables er Connections, Anis is Mmeanuned in clecibelo er mina ea and can occu due to vor ty *h. fodors , Yb wo cause of Ho become diitloried oy MAisce AWWe Oy ts wifi Flounal) , eonath pts wootkey thon tre mrouter - Distortion - intessughen Of Hrawamidhing, as alls aot ae unclear wecention, a Inlnod-9 1S Wee cand whals the ¢ Difhrsence ber web inferno? Bap The internet ts a globo rebivork. ) nabwortks colite Ihe wen or PR World wide Web(www) tsa collecor of injormalion Sak is a feerreo| ~ Wa Me ileaneb > @Ahe Talewnet is inpresuctene while Hre Web is Sexveel an top of ~khodk 4 infroddrruckane, @ Web applleahone usek UTTP protucal void is a Loyex aver TCP Prtocal whereas wlernet apelicahans can either woe TCP or UOP pwrotocal. Tranamysi on Media i — A trenamicton Media a eatn pebween brawamitter 2 Receiver. Ne. dk BS We crannet Wrrough. whida date iS Aewk tram one ploce +0 anoles ee | Banamisiion Media| A6GbbBE i CECE [Case | | rms af ¢ ede paar] [coor ne] |Micvo [rey (ects | y eae aes Obsiohine eIGuided Media !- Wied or Rounded Gog tranamirilen Media, a Riguals being +yvawamitjed Ya phuyeicad Dink. Fealured — ° Htal dpeed © £eow e 2 Used for chorter dite €. oe » 4 ~ 4 » ~ - Vw Uy Wypes + UC) Twleled Polr Globe consist of 2 beparohly Ingutoded conduchorwircr wound about each ober. gevernk puch palrs are bundteal fogelyer i proteckve theath . Tus 0 +4 pe @ Undhielded Tiled Poiy (ure) © Shielded quivted Pod —rcennitttof bo insnbabed copper wire, owrsier épecrol jackel( copper brad ,_.twitted Toxcund eaur ather arena OF foil Ahild) $0 bbouk enternat ability Lo pode i lederbrrence and detsint inkerfeWenc ¢ = dlepenal on picyptecsl gnelide 3 ned i'n fork olata oate ahemel, > Used in ehestelephomc Apphiche More Expenaue © Bully ocliff. totaal! + Leovel Ev penaive + Ean bd ingtalle tinh bo te he 6 CLO ditence tyememiction dus fe anerleree shetiocrpenyorranne. ww 7 a > Ez) =f Unguided Meoiq + also otepewoe on Wireless O¥ Unbounded Yo ciwarniidde, wredig, +No. praycical meclium (¢ wrequin ed, Feolwren-s ™e ignol ts Byocdeauat eck Troupe ois. eless becure © One Los dovgye Aivlances “Tee 1. io) Radio Waved'. . endy to geneva ¢ © Can penetrate Havougin bu ding. @ Sending & Recieving enlennas need not be aligned. © Rew @: 3KR2 — 1A, CANE EM radios ond corddes Phones v0er Roadie woues. www & 5 i. WMriera Won es 1 6 endia amd Reckeulve ortennon need bo be Prope y j ollaned® with ead ole, , , eDirkance covereck by Piguals Is divectly propostionad $0 neg of ) awke nna. , aFse Lange 1 QHr~ 200 GH. ar e Mainly woed for motile phone commuwioho~ 8 Tuevinon Pitt boke, ) Gi) Inpraved * « Used fow thrork dirance Commuwahor - * Comnoth penehreke Hens ugh ehamades e ye. Range 5 300 GY2~—4o00TH 2 « Uneok In AV Remote, witcee mowde eke. ) + Computes Nefwork D evices. |. LEY Hub !- ewores ab physical toyer and hence connect devicen Plgically ott woes Twitteal poly calles to connech dewicen. othey me clesiginredl 40 aranamit the packels to other appended devices withait alkernahies, ony Op the trowamitted patkeks recieved ethey brawamitr Hie iho ems of Hae dak Uy doer peiceet Js hethinee hore device connected ox not Two Cakegorr' 26 {+ ey Active Hub( Pepeaters):. ohmoatter Haan Wre poodle ¢ Hub They provide path dor signals olso they wegencvate concent rake aural dlrengtnen the vol besere bonding, dy deatinnhon. Ur ts Ueo called os Repeaters CWPasaive Nubt- They more Like o palnb contact fortre wires fo udlh tn Wee pharicad Network they have raters do do with modiing “He spray. Le _ a ope e fanned muddle Clhemch heuen 3 ea] Elhernet Rulo ie q ws deur ai \ 4 ' 4 — o 6 “2 au Owe > Iy \ 1 er ennel emake WAC porkor die dre funckona ao a ring eu "4
) eTthey ore seseanaible for developiey a Physical connedHon bebween > he Hekwork. cnecl Hre computes, . Computes lata is dranolated into electyical orale, gerd 40'the nebuork, SS . ; ‘s Nia neko Uberdeice Cand. \ . © eThey algo mange Gore impertont clebae Conversion Punehten, © Tes | Netioosk Profoca) + Network protouals clebine o Janguogye ob iDakuton And conventions for communication between the nelwork devices, Ur is emenHal Had a nebworked computer must have ane or more Prolocal drives. Upualty for two coreputers bo jatesconreck er a melon they orudt yoo idenUcal protacdl,, Aba Hme Conmpubers ase clesiqned to uso multiple protocdls, eluosk erotocals Like HTTP, TCP/IP ob jer a bal an which mor af Palesneh Alice. ‘a Intennoded Sesviteo Digital Nelwask(1S0n ) ‘- ISDN ane used Lo Aend aver > gqeaphical or audio data fileo, ob 6a WAN Technolagy Hal can be ured in place 4 a dial up tink. GOUUDOaGE ) als bunely prodives higher speed Hran a modem and nas the ? copabil ty do Pick up the Line and oop Coreide rab} y aka . faster role. ? 4 FE Unicaok , Bxoedcaot & Mutticasf- > 5 Cant: cont tem aparifies rome dola(stream of packets) ts being tremamitte, ) 40 Hae wedipientk from client ya Unicast! «One-to-Qne tranemiecion ) emtnistype of invormedion transfer fs woeful when Here is pankcipabler of mivgle Sender and Mingle recipienr> H For Epos ale + Na olevice having 1P Adelver4 10.te2.0. 1Na nefwork wank by > Stine awe Avabbic siream( cle Patkels) to tre device wiks IP oddvend > > 2O124.2 in other nedwork , Hien eniccot comes Sato pichune. This 3 FINE mbt commen form o dolby freimafer over Mme Networked a2, eee A } ss 6&¢ iS @ @ @ A oO ee ee oe ee \ ‘ © 6 “i na () — Teese. tk SNS Nebworh 8 i Sa Tepeigfes ) ey aegeribe He melhoals to while all the elenrents of, Neboovte. “apatgns Relwork. cure mrtppeot Networts “Topology epee ches We aout: Hor camputey Achwoast. AL Alaputh holo deviced and cables ave connecheal YO adh elbey- CY Pat to Poicl-(p.2-P) og —_— f ~ Oak. bel doo compulers, “pe . stuoork. connieh of oigeck tink. be . HUW VAS methad Une nelw ¢ wweye IN Ots ecteommed” <> Fakes & Wlanty ocetlable Han atrer Hatypen Sine SND neeck {or NetUrork Operaliag System a =a neta ‘ an empensive sey aa Ladivrdcal asertdalionrs ane useok te cece tne difeo, PMOW court freceterp filer. > Used fos Krall aneas ony > SO Reewrily, PE Go topelagy, ioe LY \ > Rus de Peleg tsa n Cfwowk opolorys ta wolich as\ r Jo a sagle cable Enerun to centsctl cable o» a > UF acts “as ghayed communication meatum te. th a [~ send she » fence Other deuces, then th wil) Aend Ahe dake, sues. [the bas which In der durin pends Moe data to aul attached devices, pe? VAAL Loy FOnodl wumbes oh devices , ; 2? As iE the bus fs damaged “then She whsle network fails, ~ BY Ring Topology :- i Simba elworle sopelogy Mm which nodes ovre evackhy ~> Rian Fopelegy fa \ r connected J 0 nih 9 he ca for comm anicerhton penpes id 4 ‘ Wri ninere compubess OLE In close Prowl y, TEVTLL EL modes wit connected 7 deuice wanlg to uwue and thus forming oa Adeple conkinvows path joy tramomiiinon, med TEKS cadlecl a stra topo BAY 2 Us formakon ty Uke er wa. mr Pees nok weed o cevtxal Rerver to contvod she cont & ane city Omo Lu Me noden, t —) aan mM rode is dlammoged, whol ¢nebwork feule . > EP, SONET nelvork , SDH nelwork eke, vuvuUuUUuUE ‘ a = ie pa So EN a a St Tey Stour Topobogss ‘ RN AIS, OM modes ane connected a 30 GQ finale Aevice known On 3 Cenbscl device . % * a > Requires morse cable, ar Compaire So othey sopeloeien . Wrevetore Ue TS morse pobuxt ro. falleme (~ ane cahih voi Orb, 5 ASConnert a specific computer connected bo Mab cable , uN Me cenkryed deyice bolts whole nebuortes youd. 3 Caoy do teatsto | ie] Mm eee TA howe Leff » odes ane indivictatlly connecked Lo ores moden™ > Boe nor need OW” Centsod nub or dwilel. : > ses trobust OD % POlune in ane cable wih any disconned de Bpecdic comouler. Connected £0 His calle, 1 ° a Bedlundoney 1&0 event} ane network. cable teal, SU han albernabve pol, for dolar bo wear, He cleatnahon. > tro pts. :. | © Portal me wel Sdn Ets | atl nodes one not connected $a each owe SER Mech “iopolopyy |. all nates one connesked Je each emer Ponkiol monty () Tsee Top ie Be > ree Topoteys nave arrook mode, Avid oll He atrey noder ane connecter} S nonladn dorm a Wexanehicol weal y E FANS All re ate networks one connectedd Sy addrgle jours. MN Wnts Fe wolrole nebo. 03 ghuvdeal lato aegments kaw as ory NEOs’ Whiem can be eaeily mointeiined Tf ene Keginrend ts dlareg Were ts no ebbeck On other 2 ents . ; Tree bopclogy depends On She main bus ane oh tb rene, Moen Srp whale nekwork gels darrergecl rit See, aoe et SI Model 3 =tt OS Model * OS) ghands Soy Oven System Tnberconnection Model™ 1s a conceptual framenork used $0 dercribe dhe funchons of ' XH - nelwortt syviem, den ehep eel by Trlernabiens| Oagariralion ” Wer Blordondieation (108) in He Yeo 1984. i} Isa tNoyer anrdrnwerkure with ea Joryes owing rReclyc furckonadit) : do pentoem. AW these Sowers work Collaberativelsy Jo voonorn the dala from one Persson bo onother across tne aobe. = TThinyers Ave :- seondes © Appkicakion ey . as Sofware ®) Presontahen layer Losey Receiver ®) Serdton Loe () Trawaport layer © Nekuocrk Layer Dole Link Layer ® Pnypicad Layer cH Ariel Explanahion of Al teers '- e \ i Priyical Layer [Loyer {] ». ee: \ aaa N —> the of OS8\ model bs Prypicad JoyY —P Ub is wieapondhhe jor The g i 1 —> The pluyriced Layer contol as informoHtOnn iin Hee form af, bits. ; Pb ye nes ponaible for prsnanatiins, Andividusd wiht dram one node to others When receiving dake ,Wwis Looped var\ gee UAe ay wecelved ane a Converts ck ink’ 0% and US anc AEnd BOM bo Hae Dako Make layer; whidn will pub be dpame lack tooeher. > Ganchen of Phuricod ayer | - . Gy BASynuerroriahion tthe plyseod Layer Ayn pruvides she syndhronivalls | oh bits providing, a dock Anis clove controls boty Lender eat cane VECRVE® Hut Providings synchronabien ab bik Jevel, Handwon e Layer AAAAAAA AAAS Ww: — aa J 2. _ . _ area . AYR rake Contyol \-he plytical Losyer ASO AYN sronsmirtion ate Fe. re numbers af bits sent per necond. s wn ‘ ten : yor apecities MWe worry in oshidy ~ WY) Phupsicol Fopebogtes & Prysicedl Soy P ~ ahe devices /noden one onmanacd ot connected Ina ¥ elroors, s bee towk, Aton , oy medh elt. topalom ww) ‘ ‘ . : i \ ; ~ Ah ) Tranomieton Mode . Phaysread Jovyen algo debincs 4 € wouy > ~ wre haga plowa lbehween two connected denice, he vaniouy ~ Aremamirtion wodes porsile are Simoler Halts elepler Aull dugter, ~ {NOTE Rulb ,Cepeater, Modem ,Cahten ane Phyerca! Layes Devices PSs Nekwork hayes “Doda Vaktayer, ane Phytcal Jaye s ore also ~~ Known ap Lower Layes ov Hardwore Layer’. ~~ 2 Doda Link Loyer_flayev2. . po Dota Link Layer is reoponsible For Hee nade shox node. cdelivesss of bng Menmaye, [The an funcWon af Hats Layer is to moke Are ado tourer Dts error-free prom one node to anobrew over re physical Lower > When oA packet is conivedt rarer neasorte it is Ye vreapanmbil ds PT, Bala Mok Lames womik it to Ho woind Adceens. p> + Soke Link, Layer is atividect Who two dubloyess, ioe ~ EL egical Link Conksol (ULC ) ba Median Access Control ( ~ ~The packeb received from bee welwork layer is Punter divided ilo framed depending ontne sire of NIC Cretwork Infertoce cond) 7” DLL also encapsulates Senders and Reveivers MAC ad eA he He —) The weceives4 MAC Addsens §s gbtained by Dhaka cn ARP (Acldsenr, > RegeluHon Protocol ) segneat onto Che wire os ra tho nag Yak 5. IP Addreag?” and He deoHnaton Hort will oy h US MAC Adaseas > —-& Canckans “DLL Are \— sels “a — AY Framing : Proceed Fy afunchOnol DLL, tH provide a way for a gendex —> do Pranamit aa loike Hrak-ake naconing) full do Hre vecelver, 3 Anis can be atcomplished, ly ostad| Apedal wit pobtors Fs do re pepions and end of me prame (AKA weader & Footer ) * Wp prraviced Adee emily > Aiter creaking frames, BB DLL odds plyypical = addyeary (mac Addvers) ol Aewder and/or yecelver iw Hae Header ——— 7 CAA freme , =e) Ai) Ex yor Control Date Link Layer provides the mechaniern of erro —— conol in whida tO deteck anc nebrangamits dlamnara eck Or =) Lowe fremen, =) ns” > err Receivers fide | Tene ee . SO A Wanaporb Layer vieaids the park Number from Ud Header ond foswond the nespective ap@licahian. Also ie arr Ant mecetuecd +o Win e Dota whida U hao Segmented dota. =) Perl ore Sequencing and seansemmling af hve Fandion’ of Traws Flay tr! ‘ porFbaytr'. ; 4 ~~ oB Segmentation & Reassemply THAs hayes Oct eps ane MEMANS krom BN NN Ne : Lae nko Semad.er- units, Each IWwe SEIN Layer boeaks We meor? fy) ie 4 A areocies-ed wikh Ur, of Mhe Segments produced wana Weacies be Phe measen - Travvapark dayes at oleaHnaHoen station we assemlo| S. PTSerice Point Addvaring (SPA) Iw ordes Ao relives ME Mersanie So COrdeEE GroceAd , Fre dranaport Jayes Keades fndudes a Mype Of ddrers called Sewice pot Addsera or TUS Yay specifying Hats address the Areawapost Seuyer marker BUTE svak _ me menhoge vs deluescd Fo he comeck pr0er4s. Serwicen provided ly He Transport Layer! b> Comme chion = Oriented Service) i. “this a Mnvee- phase procedd (Away a ae may NOTES . Ob 3-pwar Wand thake Mak LAAWA CD b> — Conneckian Establicment — Dato Trantler — TesminaHen /Disconnechon, %, ; Btn Phis supe f dre noniynan, ne Laaaie| device gendAan acknowledye — men, ook So” bee Aouice after a packer OF QIeUP pockekk fs we coved. this dupe * fromomatstion ty nellable ancl “Ac cure. , s 4 iF iF G é; Fi & Ff g ‘ é tf _ GY ConnecHon Jers Service ANNs 0 @ne- phase psrcedA and rackuad ey > Doda droneper, In Hats bupe ) tramamixsion , he secetuedd cloeo nob _ acknowledge receiph of 4 packet “his approach clouts fox donier Communicahon between cleviced. = [SOTEL* Dodo in Trome pork bayer 4y called Seaments. srivone Pork Layer is operoded say tne Operalvac Byttem th it a ponte He 05 and commuricab ese vith the Applicaltu fore e hy materag ee rsyttem calls fe) =) Tranapork Loves fy codleclay Heont of OS' Model, > MBDes yon Lager (layer 5] D-H TWs torr io weoponale for she eotablihmenk of connection ,meatae- ms Lnven ance..cif Senaiens, avthentcahoan and Ao ensune secunby, Oe Conckions of Sereipd Lon ee a 9.41) Sesnron Exdottiat ment madatenance pindsterminahan ts + ~ 5 ME Jo PLOCAASED 46 edlablLirh Une dad olen 4) SandwmonitohOn «. 4h an eee 4% Sandaroratodh . MAS hoaued otto Pere ON ct Noyes alows ofe & comeckon, 4 We tyes Pr DCE 4) @B 10 : whida oie comidered oy Synchowr rakon peak into Une ne check poids HEDe Suntinvonitahor points helps bo iderCy Nhe erst, ho Hat Me atte S versynchromted property , ond HAD OL Hre mensaye ore not I PEM okey Bo Wak He totes Joos ty auvided ac u Youu iy Dimes Contwoller': “Ane Setsion layer culou98 Joo syrtems Jo or Commnunicoen why aeno. other in hall, duplex oo fat dugler, (ETA Amplementakon of, Hreoe 3 Loyerd( SAO, Pree tend Apabicalion)il is clone by Khe network. application ‘Usell,: These are tenouon as Koltuenell fouyers. BB Presentation Layer [toyer6] :- > Presentation Lorjer also catled on chenotabgn Je z e DP The Date prom tre application layer fs exlrattecl here and maniewlated + AS Per We nequtsed Powmate 0 tranimit over tre network, . ~PFUnCHENS oh the Poen Jon Layer, WO) Raralakion ) Fox Ep. ASI la EGC DIC [Erlendedl Bins, Code Deci mot nhercharrge od AY) Eroryption/ Decryption 1. eEncoyphs Swe carter ordecrypls the dota, othe encrupkech dager ts known ods cipertert and decay pred date ie Ts knowin ao platy teat. A Key Value ts used for encoyphing ond . Aearypling Bre dob. og Bi) Comprearion 'RQeoucea she number ob bik, Sook need to be pansrley ; aw Mme neluortd. ; : BArplicction oryer [ioyer3) i: pm Appicabion Layer ts implemented lay We neluork Applicalveny here applica produce Mme rwhich nas bo be +ranemifted Jtranstesred over He Nehwpl bs app foyer also served oo a window forHre apprteaton seawees by ag ; accearn the network. anck for Aeplayi ng) The wecelved Inhormot[on.to U6er &. Appliokion Like Browsers , mesenger ete. ae OTE) : Application Layers Bako Enown ow Deskhep dayers. > CancHeno of Application foyer. TH Nelwork Virtual Teaminod cy) FTAM - Gle Traneer Access ana Monagernent- imal! Sexicey eeDixectory Sewnced. ‘ © OSI Model acts as a cebeyence Medel and ts not feaplemented on (nternek, TCP/IP Model & pein Used ” 4 
