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Computer Software - Buisness Management - Lecture Slides, Slides of Business Administration

Manav Bharti UniversityBusiness Administration

Business Management is one of the most important subject in Management sciences. Following are the key points discussed in these Lecture Slides : Computer Software, First Generation Languages, Machine Language, Programming Languages, Second Generation Languages, Assembly, Third Generation Languages, Constant, Variable, Comparison of Cobol and Fortran

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Uploaded on 07/29/2013

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Chapter
4Computer Software
Slide 2
Various kinds of programs used to operate computers and
related devices
What is Software??
How did it come about??
The first software program was
actually written about 1833 by Ada
Augusta Lovelace (Lord Byron’s
Daughter)
We can skip forward to computer
programs, however
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pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa

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Download Computer Software - Buisness Management - Lecture Slides and more Slides Business Administration in PDF only on Docsity!

Chapter 4

Computer Software

 Various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices

What is Software??

How did it come about??

 The first software program was actually written about 1833 by Ada Augusta Lovelace (Lord Byron’s Daughter)

 We can skip forward to computer programs, however

Chapter 4

Computer Software

Programming Languages

First Generation Languages (Machine Language)  Suppose that I wanted to add two numbers together, for example 2 + 3

  • First, we would have to move the values into two registers in the CPU’s Internal Storage R1 R 2 3
  • Next I would have the ALU to add the contents of the registers and store the result in Register 2 (maybe) R 5

(Well, Kind of – It’s a little more involved)

Chapter 4

Computer Software

Programming Languages

First Generation Languages (Machine Language)  Let’s not forget that the computer is just a series of light-switches (binary). Therefore we need to convert our decimal values to binary: 2 = 000000000000010 (on 16-bits) 3 = 000000000000011 (on 16-bits) 12 = 00001100 (on 8-bits) 13 = 00001101 (on 8-bits) 28 = 00011100 (on 8-bits) 37 = 00100101 (on 8-bits)

Therefore, We would enter the commands:

00011100 000000000000010 00001100; 00011100 000000000000011 00001101; 00100101 00001100 00001101 00001101; Docsity.com

Chapter 4

Computer Software

Programming Languages

Second Generation Languages (Assembly – c1948)  The advancement over machine level languages was that it was mnemonic (assisting or intended to assist the memory)

  • We did not need to know the specific register addresses
  • We did not need to know the op codes
  • For the previous example, the code we enter might be: MOV 2 R1; MOV 3 R2; ADD R1 R2 R2;  An Assembler would then transfer the commands into a machine level language

Chapter 4

Computer Software

Programming Languages

Third Generation Languages (mid – late1950’s)  In the above example ‘X’ is a specific location in RAM, although we don’t have to know where it is

  • It is usually referred to as a variable
  • Although it can be a constant
    • Meaning that we can change the contents of the location as we wish
    • Meaning that once we set its value, it can not be changed  Either way, the address is assigned by the operating system at run time and managed by the compiled program (i.e., the machine-level program)

Chapter 4

Computer Software

Programming Languages

Comparison of COBOL and FORTRAN (Hello World)  COBOL ( CO mmon B usiness- O riented L anguage)

  • • 001 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.002 PROGRAM-ID. 'HELLO'.
  • • 003 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.004 CONFIGURATION SECTION.
  • • 005 SOURCE-COMPUTER. IBM-360.006 OBJECT-COMPUTER. IBM-360.
  • • 0065 SPECIAL-NAMES. 0066 CONSOLE IS CNSL.
  • • 007 DATA DIVISION.008 WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
  • • 009 77 HELLO-CONST075 PROCEDURE DIVISION. PIC X(12) VALUE 'HELLO, WORLD'.
  • • 090 000-DISPLAY. 100 DISPLAY HELLO-CONST UPON CNSL.
  • 110 STOP RUN.
  • Intended to process large amounts of data as a batch
  • Edsger Dijkstra, winner of the Turing Award remarked that "The use of COBOL cripples the mind; its teaching should, therefore, be regarded as a criminal offense." Docsity.com

Chapter 4

Computer Software

Programming Languages

Third Generation Languages (mid 1950’s)  Third generation languages are Procedural in nature

  • If, for example, we want to find the average age of a class, we need to know the procedures involved
    • We need to add every persons age in a class together
    • We then need to divide the sum of every persons age by the number of people in the class
    • The result is the average age of the class  Third generation languages are also known as structured programming