Understanding CPU Registers and Operating Systems: Performance and Functionality, Thesis of Computer Networks

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COMPUTER SYSTEM

ARCHTECHTIURE

By: Ibrahim Zitouni

[DATE]

[COMPANY NAME]

[Company address]

• Introduction.................................................................................................................................................
• Computer Systems.......................................................................................................................................
  • Major hardware components..................................................................................................................
• Purpose and detail operation of the CPU..................................................................................................
• its systems and subsystems....................................................................................................................... Reviewing the operation of the CPU and its assessing its dependency and performance with regards to
• Cores.......................................................................................................................................................... - Why Multi-core processors are used................................................................................................. - Software dependency........................................................................................................................ - Advantages And disadvantages of multi-processor cores..................................................................
• Fan Cooling................................................................................................................................................ - How a CPU cooler works.................................................................................................................... - How processors stay cool.................................................................................................................. - How heat can impact performance................................................................................................... - Fan Cooling vs Liquid Cooling.............................................................................................................
• Registers in CPU......................................................................................................................................... - The Importance of CPU registers....................................................................................................... - Operations of the CPU....................................................................................................................... - Types of memory registers................................................................................................................ - Pros and cons of CPU Registers..........................................................................................................
• Bus speeds.................................................................................................................................................
• Operating System......................................................................................................................................
• Operating System – Services......................................................................................................................
• The Operating System's Primary Functions...............................................................................................
• Operating System Architecture.................................................................................................................
• Microkernal Operating System..................................................................................................................
• Monolithic Operating System....................................................................................................................
• Layered Operating System.........................................................................................................................
• Types of Operating System........................................................................................................................
• Windows.................................................................................................................................................... - Windows 7.........................................................................................................................................
  • Features of Windows 7......................................................................................................................
• Windows 10...............................................................................................................................................
  • Features of Windows 10....................................................................................................................
• Android......................................................................................................................................................
• Android Pi..................................................................................................................................................
• Features of Android Pie.............................................................................................................................
• Android 12.................................................................................................................................................
• Features of Android 12..............................................................................................................................
• Apple IOS...................................................................................................................................................
  • IOS 12.................................................................................................................................................
  • Features of iOS 12..............................................................................................................................
  • Ios 15.................................................................................................................................................
  • Features ios15....................................................................................................................................
• to networking devices and components.................................................................................................... Explaining the relationships between hardware and network addresses including their use with regards
• Hardware address......................................................................................................................................
• Network Address.......................................................................................................................................
• Windows Installation.................................................................................................................................
  • Minimum Requirements of installing.................................................................................................
  • Installing ISO file: Step by step...........................................................................................................
  • Windows Installation.........................................................................................................................
• different technical hardware, software and networking issues................................................................. Using information gathering methods to assess, troubleshoot and documening solutions to a number of
  • Common Problems and solutions Power Supply...............................................................................
  • Common Problems and Solutions for CPU.........................................................................................
  • Common Problems and Solutions for the Ram..................................................................................
  • Software Issues and Solutions............................................................................................................
  • Networking issues and solution.........................................................................................................
• Conducting and Documenting a Range of Maintenance Activities............................................................
  • Hardware Maintenance.....................................................................................................................
  • Software maintenance.......................................................................................................................
• References.................................................................................................................................................
• References.................................................................................................................................................

The PGA (pin grid array) is a chip with interconnecting pins on the bottom side. Numerous pins surround the bottom of the processor chip, which are inserted into the sockets on a circuit board. The LGA (land grid array) is a manufactured circuit board layout which consists of a square grid of connections which are coupled to other elements. Flat pads on the bottom of an LGA chip's packaging connect on the motherboard socket. The clock frequency of a CPU is the amount of commands it can process per second. The clock frequency is measured in gigahertz (GHz). The CPU could handle additional data if the GHz number is increased. A CPU with a clock speed of 3.0 GHz could handle 3 billion calculations per second in a single period. Many modern CPUs feature four, eight, perhaps more core. The Core i3 CPU comes in a variety of frequencies, ranging 1.30 GHz to 3.50 GHz, and has between 3 MB or 4 MB of cache. Dual-core Core i processors are common. The Core i5 CPU comes in a variety of frequencies, from 1.90 GHz to 3.80 GHz, and has 3MB, 4MB, or 6MB of cache. Most Core i5 CPUs are quad core, meaning they have four cores. The Core i7 CPU comes in a variety of speeds, starting at 1.07 GHz and going up to 3.6 GHz.

Available i3 processor Processor Number Cache Clock speed Number of cores Max Power Graphics I3-4000M 3.0 MB 2.40 GHZ 2/4 37 Intel HD Graphics 4600 13-4005U 3.0 MB 1.70 GHZ 2/4 15 Intel HD Graphics 4400 I3-4100E 3.0 MB 2.40 GHZ 2/4 37 Intel HD Graphics 4600 I3-4102E 3.0 MB 1.60 GHZ 2/4 24 Intel HD Graphics Available i5 processor Processor Number Cache Clock speed Number of cores Max Power Graphics 15-4200H 3.0 MB 2.80 GHZ 2/4 47 Intel HD Graphics 4600 15-4440 6.0 MB 3.10 GHZ 4/4 84 Intel HD Graphics 4600 15-4440S 6.0 MB 2.80 GHZ 4/4 65 Intel HD

Motherboard

The motherboard is also known as a printed circuit board. It's one of the most crucial parts of a computer. All of a computer's critical elements are integrated and regulated by the motherboard. The motherboard allows the components to communicate with one another. The motherboard houses the processor, power supply, USB ports, optical disks, RAM, expansion slots, serial and parallel ports, and other components. The CPU socket (sometimes called processor socket) is a motherboard component that houses the processor. A CPU socket is a single connector that links a motherboard to a microprocessor. The CPU socket is accessible when a unit is added or removed, minimizing damage. The CPU socket also has a lockout to prevent the CPU from moving around, and its design facilitates heat sink placement well above the CPU.

Memory slots are found in the motherboard's top right corner. Memory slots are being utilized to store memory units in computers. Depending upon that motherboard, memory slots might range from two to eight. All computer components, including the motherboard, require power. Modern motherboards include an extra 4 or 8-pin connector around the processor to provide extra power straight to the processor. Early power connectors feature a 20 or 24-pin connector along the right hand side of the motherboard or towards the CPU socket on earlier motherboards, but modern motherboards include an extra 4 or 8-pin connector around the processor to provide extra power straight to the processor

Expansion slots are sometimes known as expansion ports or bus slots. A hardware expansion card can be connected to a port on the motherboard of a computer. A video card, sound card, graphic card, ethernet card, or memory card is put into one of the motherboard's expansion slots. A PCI slot (Peripheral component interface) is a connector for a 32-bit computer in earlier personal computers. They are installed onto computer motherboards to allow for the inclusion of PCI peripherals such as network hardware as well as sound and video cards. Intel created it, and it's found across both Macs and PCs. AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) is a high-speed interface for video cards and 3D accelerators. The AGP port on the motherboard is the physical expansion slot which takes video cards.

PCIe, often known as PCI Express, relates to the motherboard expansion slots which support PCIe-based expansion cards. PCI Express was succeeded by PCI and AGP, that were simultaneously developed to displace the most extensively utilized connection type, ISA. The PCIe interface provides for high-speed data transfer among the motherboard and the device, as well as other components.

Main memory

Random Access Memory (RAM) is another name for main memory (RAM). It contains the operating system, application programs, and other data so that the central processing unit (CPU) can do tasks rapidly and effortlessly. RAM is among the quickest types of memory, and it has the ability to read and understand data. All of the items in RAM become lost when the machine is turned off. Primary storage is called as Random Access Memory (RAM). It is flammable and non-removable. There are two forms of main memory: dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) and static random-access memory (SRAM) (SRAM).

Storage device The following are the most prevalent types of computer storage equipment:  Hard drive  Optical drive  SSD A hard disk drive is a non-volatile memory component which saves and accesses data continuously. A hard drive is a secondary storage device which consists of one or even more platters onto that data is recorded utilizing a magnetic head, completely contained within an airtight case. Platters are found inside hard disk drives. They are organized to make data storage and retrieval easier. Each platter is divided into "Tracks," which are concentric rings. Every platter has dozens of tracks. Each track is divided into segments. A segment carries 512 bytes of data, which is sometimes the lowest amount of data that can be stored on a hard drive disk in multiple addresses. An optical drive seems to be a form of computer disk drive which uses laser projecting technologies to gather and analyse data using optical disks. A user can update, recover, and remove information from optical disks including DVDs, CDs, and Bluray disks using this sort of device.

A DVD-ROM is a read-only digital versatile disc that is widely used to hold huge software programs. It's comparable to a CD-ROM, however with more capacity. A DVDROM could carry approximately 4.38 GB of information. Approximately to 650 MB of data can be stored on a fixed storage device. DVD-RAM stands for digital versatile disc-random access memory as well as being a transportable, reprogrammable optical disc media. It can be viewed, transcribed, deleted, or rewritten many times. A solid-state drive is a nonvolatile storage device (SSD). This approach stores permanent data in solid- state flash memory. SSDs arrange electronic memory in the shape of a disk drive using integrated circuits (ICs) rather than magnetic media storage devices.

 ATX 20 Pin Main Power Connector  ATX 24 Pin Main Power Connector

Input/Output

Scanners, monitors, printers, transportable drives, and audio devices are linked to input/output ports on a computer. The following are the most regularly utilized ports and cables:  USB  HDMI  FireWire  Network Port The universal serial bus, or USB, is a standard for linking devices to computers. USB devices can be connected and unplugged while the computer is on. USB ports are found on computers, printers, scanners, storage devices, and other electrical components. Certain devices can be charged using the USB connection. HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface) is indeed a connectors as well as cable that allows high- bandwidth audio but also video streams to be transmitted among equipment. It's connected to a device like an HDTV, projection, DVD player, or Blu-ray player.

FireWire is a hot-swappable, high-speed interface for connecting computers to peripheral devices. A FireWire port on a computer can support up to sixty-three devices. Certain devices can be powered directly from the FireWire port, eliminating the need for an external power supply. FireWire, sometimes known as the iLink, uses the IEEE 1394 standard developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The IEEE publishes technical publications and guidelines. A network port is also known as an Ethernet port or a Lan port. A cable connection connects a computer to a network. The goal is to use a wired connection to connect to a network. They connect Ethernet LANs, metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WAN). The RJ-45 connector is included.