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COMS 5483 Midterm Exam With
Complete Solutions
What is the basic unit of the nervous system? - ANSWER neuron
Through what do neurons receive input? - ANSWER dendrites
What is the fluid that bathes the brain? - ANSWER cerebrospinal fluid
Where does the cerebrospinal fluid travel? - ANSWER Through the arachnoid space and the ventricles
What are the meninges? - ANSWER PAD: pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
What is the PNS? - ANSWER Peripheral nervous system; consists of the 12 cranial nerve pairs and 31 spinal nerve pairs
What's in the CNS? - ANSWER cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord
Why are nerve tracts white? - ANSWER myelination
What are 2 causes of hydrocephalus? - ANSWER obstructive (obstruction in the cerebral aqueduct) and communicating (producing too much CSF)
What are the lobes of the brain and what do they do? - ANSWER Frontal- executive functioning
temporal - hearing
parietal - sensation
occipital - vision
limbic - emotional
insular - sensory, motor, taste, possibly pain, possible relation to apraxia
What are the sulci we've studied? - ANSWER lateral fissure/sylvian fissure; central sulcus; longitudinal fissure
What is the cortex? - ANSWER outermost part of brain
What makes up most of the cortex? - ANSWER cell bodies, motor, sensory, association areas(most)
What are the ventricles and where are they? - ANSWER 2 lateral ventricles, 3rd
ventricle, 4th ventricle; connected by the cerebral aqueduct
What makes CSF? - ANSWER choroid plexus
What's on the diencephalon? - ANSWER Thalamus and hypothalamus.
What does the thalamus do? - ANSWER integrates sensation in the nervous system by organizing sensory information. "train station" sends information to the right place for interpretation
What does the hypothalamus do? - ANSWER controls emotional behaviors like rage, aggression, escape, fight or flight instinct, regulates body temperature, food and water intake, and sexual and sleep behavior; has control over the pituitary gland, which releases hormones; mediates limbic system
What are the parts of the brainstem? - ANSWER medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain (mesencephalon), diencephalon
What does the medulla oblongata do? - ANSWER lowest section of the brainstem; exits foramen magnum to become the spinal cord; contains ascending and descending fiber tracts plus the nuclei of several cranial nerves that control phonation, velopharyngeal closure, swallowing, and articulation; extremely important for the control of speech production.
What does the pons do? - ANSWER located above the medulla; massive rounded structure that serves as a bridge between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum.
What does the midbrain (mesencephalon) do? - ANSWER located immediately above the pons; narrowest part of the brainstem; way station for auditory and visual nerves; dorsal side as 4 colliculi (bumps): 2 inferior colliculi-central auditory pathway; 2 superior colliculi- visual pathway
What's on the midbrain? - ANSWER The thalamus
What does the cerebellum do? - ANSWER both sensory and motor in function; provides fine coordination to t he movements of the body; plays an important role in coordinating the rapid and precise movements needed for the normal articulation of speech; damage can cause dysarthria
What are the 3 parts of the motor system? - ANSWER pyramidal, extrapyramidal, cerebellar
What disorders are caused by pyramidal system? - ANSWER paraylsis; paresis
What disorders are caused by extrapyramidal system? - ANSWER akinesia; dyskinesia; resting tremor; chorea
What disorders are caused by cerebellar system? - ANSWER ataxia; intention tremor; cerebral palsy
What is CN VII and what does it do? - ANSWER Facial nerve; (sensory) Taste sensation on anterior 2/3 of tongue, glands of head and neck. (Motor) Facial expressions
What is CN VIII and what does it do? - ANSWER Vestibulocochlear/Acoustic nerve; hearing and balance
What is CN IX and what does it do? - ANSWER Glossopharyngeal nerve; (sensory) Tonsils, the pharynx, the middle ear, and the posterior 1/3 of the tongue. (Motor) Innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle of the pharynx.
What is CN X and what does it do? - ANSWER Vagus nerve; (Sensory)Innervates the skin of acoustic meatus and internal surfaces of the laryngopharynx and larynx. It also provides visceral sensation to the heart and abdominal viscera. Additionally, it provides taste and sensation to the epiglottis and root of the tongue. (Motor) Provides motor innervation to the majority of the muscles of the pharynx, soft palate, and larynx. Innervates the smooth muscle of the trachea, bronchi, and gastrointestinal tract, as well as regulates heart rhythm.
What are the sensory cortices? - ANSWER post central gyrus; Heschl's gyrus; visual cortex (occipital lobe)
What is most of the cortex made of? - ANSWER association areas; cell bodies
What's the difference between spinal nerves and cranial nerves? - ANSWER Cranial nerves originate from the brainstem and spinal nerves originate in the spinal cord; every cranial nerve has different path but spinal nerves are regular.
What are the types of glial cells? - ANSWER astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia
What do microglia do? - ANSWER defend against infection and injury
What do astrocytes do? - ANSWER regulate neurotransmitters, form scars
What do oligodendrocytes do? - ANSWER make myelin
What does the hippocampus do? - ANSWER consolidates information for short term memory
Brodmann 3, 1, 2 - ANSWER post central gyrus; primary somatosensory cortex
Brodmann 4 - ANSWER primary motor cortex
Brodmann 6 - ANSWER premotor cortex
Brodmann 19, 18, 17 - ANSWER primary visual cortex
Brodmann 22 - ANSWER Wernicke's area
Brodmann 41, 42 - ANSWER Heschl's gyrus
Brodmann 44, 45 - ANSWER Broca's area
Brodmann 39 - ANSWER Angular gyrus
Brodmann 40 - ANSWER supramarginal gyrus
Describe neural development - ANSWER Neural development begins the the ectoderm which gives rise to the nervous system and skin. The neural tube develops as the brain at the rostral end and the spinal cord at the caudal end. At the rostral end, three bumps appear and develop into the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem by 6 weeks gestation. Two distinct regions develop in the neural tube: neurons in the ventral
What weeks are most critical in neural development? - ANSWER Weeks 8-
How is language processed? - ANSWER sound travels into the ear through the cochlea down the CN to Heschl's gyrus; Heschl's gyrus receives the electrical impulses, perceives the sounds and sends them to Wernicke's Area; Wernicke's area processes and interprets the information to the primary language. Wernicke's area pulls up word (usually picture) from memory and formulates an answer; the "English" ten travels from Wernicke's Area to Broca's area via the Arcuate Fasciculus; Broca's area makes it grammatically correct then sends program on how to say it to motor areas; the motor strip sends t he message on a tract that takes command to the articulators
What are the types of holoprosencephaly? - ANSWER alobar - single lobe brain
semilobar - hemispheres somewhat divided
lobar - considerable brain hemisphere development
Describe the autonomic nervous system - ANSWER stimulates and controls many functions not under conscious control; affects heart, organs, glands; has two major divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic; opposite effects;
What are the parts of the autonomic nervous system? - ANSWER sympathetic and parasympathetic
What does the parasympathetic system do? - ANSWER has calming effect on body; to conserve and restore energy; decrease bp, increase digestion
What does the sympathetic system do? - ANSWER body's alerting system; fight or flight; increase bp, adrenalin, oxygen; can be in response to physical or psychological stress; adrenaline or epinephrine mimics sympathetic activity
What parts of the brain might be involved in the ANS? - ANSWER brainstem, spinal cord
What is the Faux Cerebri? - ANSWER crescent-shaped fold of meningeal layer of dura mater that descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain
Where is the damage if you have homonymous hemianopia? - ANSWER damage to CN II past the optic chiasm; missing half field of vision on both sides
What does the spinothalamic tract do? - ANSWER brings pain and temperature up; path for pain and temperature to reach opposite side of brain
Arcuate fasiculus - ANSWER Connects Brock's area to Wernicke's area
