Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Chemistry and Biology: Atoms, Elements, Compounds, and Chemical Bonds, Study notes of Biology

Cabrini UniversityBiology

This lecture outline notes from january 18th, 2011, discusses the connection between chemistry and biology, the concept of matter as elements and compounds, essential and trace elements, the structure of atoms, subatomic particles, isotopes, and energy levels. It also covers chemical bonds, including covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der waals interactions.

Typology: Study notes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 01/23/2011

jgentile90
jgentile90 🇺🇸

5 documents

1 / 5

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
LECTURE OUTLINE NOTES
CHAPTER TWO CAMPBELL
January 18th, 2011
Concept: Chemistry is connected to Biology
Atoms are organized into molecules, and molecules organized into cells; somewhere in the transition
from molecules to cells, we cross the boundary between non-life and life.
Concept: Matter consists of chemical elements/compounds
Matter: Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass; it is made up of elements.
Element: An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical
reactions. There are 92 naturally occurring elements; 25 are essential for life.
Compound: A compound is a substance that consists of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. Example:
sodium chloride (NaCl)
Essential/Trace Elements: Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H) make up 96% of living
matter. Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P), Calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) account for most of the remaining 4%
of an organism’s weight. Trace elements are required by an organism in minute amounts. Iron (Fe) is
required by all organisms. Other trace elements are required by only some organisms. For
example,vertebrates (organisms with backbones) require iodine for the normal activity of the thyroid. A
condition called goiter develops when iodine is deficient.
Concept: Structure of Atoms
pf3
pf4
pf5

Partial preview of the text

Download Chemistry and Biology: Atoms, Elements, Compounds, and Chemical Bonds and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

LECTURE OUTLINE NOTES

CHAPTER TWO CAMPBELL

January 18th, 2011 Concept: Chemistry is connected to Biology Atoms are organized into molecules, and molecules organized into cells; somewhere in the transition from molecules to cells, we cross the boundary between non-life and life. Concept: Matter consists of chemical elements/compounds Matter: Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass; it is made up of elements. Element: An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions. There are 92 naturally occurring elements; 25 are essential for life. Compound: A compound is a substance that consists of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. Example: sodium chloride (NaCl) Essential/Trace Elements: Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H) make up 96% of living matter. Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P), Calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) account for most of the remaining 4% of an organism’s weight. Trace elements are required by an organism in minute amounts. Iron (Fe) is required by all organisms. Other trace elements are required by only some organisms. For example,vertebrates (organisms with backbones) require iodine for the normal activity of the thyroid. A condition called goiter develops when iodine is deficient. Concept: Structure of Atoms

Subatomic particles: Protons, Neutrons, Electrons Atom: The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. Protons and Neutron make up the atom’s nucleus. Protons carry a positive electrical charge; neutrons have no charge. Electrons: form a cloud of negative charge around the nucleus. 1 Dalton: mass of a proton or neutron (1.7 x 10-24^ gram). The mass of an electron=1/2000 of a Dalton. Atomic number: number of protons of an element. Atomic Mass-atomic number = number of neutrons Isotopes : two atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons. The nuclei of some isotopes are unstable (carbon-14) and decay spontaneously, emitting particles and energy. Isotopes such as carbon-14 are radioactive isotopes. Radioisotopes are used to date fossils; diagnose medical disorders such as cancer. Energy Levels of electrons (energy/potential energy) Electrons have potential energy because of their position relative to the nucleus. The negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. Therefore, the farther the electrons are from the nucleus, the more potential energy they have. Electron shells: the first shell closest to the nucleus has the lowest potential energy and can contain a max of two electrons. The second shell and third shell can contain a maximum of up to eight electrons each. The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by its electron configuration! It depends mostly on the number of electrons in the outermost shell –the VALENCE SHELL. Atoms with the same number of valence electrons have similar chemical behavior. An atom with a complete valence shell, like neon, is inert or chemically inactive.

Ionic Bonds-can form if two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that one atom strips an electron completely from the other atom. After the transfer, both atoms are no longer neutral but have charges and are called IONS. Anion : atoms with negative charge Cation: atoms with positive charge Hydrogen Bonds: form when a hydrogen atom that is already covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom. Example: ammonia molecules and water molecules interact with weak hydrogen bonds. Van Der Waals Interactions: molecules or atoms that can be attracted to one another by fluctuating charge differences. Weak bonds such as ionic and hydrogen bonding as well as Van Der Waals have important roles in biological systems. Some molecules need to respond to one another briefly and then be able to separate again. The heat from our body can easily break hydrogen bonds.

Molecular shape and function: The three dimensional shape of a molecule is important for function within the cell. Molecules with more than two atoms have a more complex shape. For example, large organic molecules contain many carbon atoms and create a tetrahedral shape. (see below) Molecules with similar shapes can have similar biological effects. For example, morphine drugs are similar enough in shape that they can bind to the same receptors in the brain as natural endorphins and because morphine can do this, the drug can relieve pain. This is the goal of drug discovery! Concept: Chemical Reactions make and break bonds In chemical reactions, bonds are broken and re-formed leading to new arrangements of atoms. The starting molecules are called the reactants and the final molecules are called the products. The reactions must balanced: Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H 2 O <-> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6 CARBON; 12 HYDROGEN; 18 OXYGEN atoms on each side of the reaction. All chemical reactions are reversible. Eventually, the rate of the formation of products is the same as the rate of breakdown of products; the system is at CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. At equilibrium, products and reactants are continually being formed, but there is no net change in the concentration of the products and reactants. THE END!