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Integrated Pest Management: HRCs, Behavioral Control, and Genetic Approaches, Slides of Pest Management

The LNM Institute of Information TechnologyPest Management

The benefits and concerns of using herbicide resistant crops (hrcs) in integrated pest management (ipm). It also explores behavioral control methods, focusing on pheromones and mating disruption, and genetic controls such as sterilization and conditional lethals. Examples of pheromone and allomone usage, and discusses the challenges and advantages of different control methods.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 08/31/2013

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Benefits/Concerns Over HRC
•Benefits
–Simplifies weed management
–Speeds adoption of reduced tillage systems
–Overall reduction in pest losses
•Concerns
–Will eventually create herbicide-resistant weeds
–Unknown pleiotropic effects
–Regulatory/marketing issues
–Over-reliance on them will prematurely end their
usefulness
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Download Integrated Pest Management: HRCs, Behavioral Control, and Genetic Approaches and more Slides Pest Management in PDF only on Docsity!

Benefits/Concerns Over HRC

  • Benefits
    • Simplifies weed management
    • Speeds adoption of reduced tillage systems
    • Overall reduction in pest losses
  • Concerns
    • Will eventually create herbicide-resistant weeds
    • Unknown pleiotropic effects
    • Regulatory/marketing issues
    • Over-reliance on them will prematurely end their usefulness

Using HPR in IPM

  • As a stand-alone tactic
    • Objective is to preserve the resistance; emphasis on deployment strategy
  • Integrated with other tactics
    • Crop rotation: if HRC’s are used, must rotate both for pest and herbicide type.
    • Pesticides: Emphasize measures to prevent pesticide resistance (lower doses, frequency)
    • Biological control: Conflicts do occur
    • Action Thresholds: Whenever there is significant, cultivar-specific variation in yield response to a pest, action thresholds should be re-examined

Behavior Modifiers

Most insect behavior modifiers are chemical

  • Semiochemicals – Facilitate

communication between individuals

  • Pheromones: within a species
  • Allelochemicals: Between species
    • Allomones: Producer benefits, receiver does not
    • Kairomones: Receiver benefits, producer does not

See book discussion, pp: 379 – 382. Pay particular attention to the pheromone types.

Pheromone Usage

  • Sex pheromones most widely used in IPM
  • Relatively simple chemistry enables synthetic versions.
  • Three main uses in IPM:
    • Monitoring one sex
    • Mass trapping sexually active adults
    • Interfering with mating
  • A few “Anti-pheromones” are now available. Future use unknown. Here’s an example.

Kairomone Usage

  • Most are attractants used as baits to

attract pests to traps or bait stations.

Examples:

  • Curbitacin & cucumber beetles
  • CO 2 and mosquitoes
  • Protein hydrolysates and fruit flies
  • Normally attract both males & females
  • “Attracticide” – lure mixed with toxin

Allomone Usage

  • Mostly used as repellents
    • DEET
    • Neem extracts
  • Many are experimental & their use is still

only a promise

  • Plant attractants for biocontrol agents
  • Feeding deterrents
  • All have short residual activities

Genetic Controls

Four categories

1. Sterilization – Mass release of sterilized

individuals

2. Conditional Lethal Releases – Released

individuals carry lethal genes

3. Hybrid sterility – Progeny will be non-

viable

4. Other – To be developed

  1. Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)
  • Steps: 1. Mass rear pest, 2. Sterilize males, 3. Flood area with these males, 4. Females will mostly mate with sterile males
  • Uses one of two sterilization techniques
  • Nuclear
  • Chemical
  • Many successes
  • Most famous application was the screwworm eradication.

Requirements for SIT

  • Works best on population with low

fecundity

  • Five Conditions
    1. Must be able to treat entire population
    2. Sterilization cannot debilitate males
    3. Releases must mix sterile males well
    4. Females should only mate once
    5. Must sustain high ratio of sterile:wild males

2. Conditional Lethal Release

  • Release individuals that have a gene that

proves fatal under specific conditions

  • Main paper here
  • Advantages over SIT
    • Can release both males & females
    • May require fewer released individuals
    • Can insert a wide variety of genes
  • Disadvantage: Requires several pest

generations before “lethal condition”

Example: Wolbachia in lower flies

For Next Wednesday

  • IPM in KY Peppers
  • See Readings for Additional Items
  • Read Chapter 15, Physical & Mechanical

Tactics