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COSMETOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS EXAM|2025-
2026|200 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS|GRADED A+
Bacteria >>>ANS:->>> one celled microorganisms with both plant and animal characteristics Viruses >>>ANS:->>> microorganism capable of infecting almost all plants and animals, including bacteria. Parasites >>>ANS:->>>plant or animal organisms that live on, or in, another living organism and draw their nourishment from that organism. Must have a host to survive. Immunity >>>ANS:->>>ability of the body to destroy and resist infection Sanitation >>>ANS:->>> removing all visible dirt and debris Sterilization >>>ANS:->>> complete elimination of all microbial life, including spores. Only necessary when instruments have come in contact with blood. OSHA- Occupational Safety and Health Administration >>>ANS:->>>
regulates and enforces safety and health standards to protect employees in the work place. MSDS- Material Safety Data Sheet >>>ANS:->>>Information about hazardous ingredients, safe use and handling procedures, precautions to reduce the risk of harm and over exposure, flammability and dada incase of fire, proper disposal guidelines and medical information in case a reaction to product occurs. EPA- Environmental Protection Agency >>>ANS:->>>Licenses two types of disinfectants used in salons; Tuberculocidal, and Hospital. Hospital products are safe for cleaning blood and body fluids, Tuberculocidal disinfectants are proven to kill the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, which is more difficult to kill. FDA- Food and drug administration >>>ANS:->>>Prohibits sale of antifungal products for finger and toenails without a medical prescription. Universal Precautions >>>ANS:->>>a set of guidelines published by OSHA that require the employer and the employee to assume that all human blood and body fluids are infectious for bloodborne pathogens.
ones with release of energy Tissue >>>ANS:->>>group of similar cells that perform a particular function Heart >>>ANS:->>>Circulates the blood Lungs >>>ANS:->>>Supply Oxygen to the blood Skin >>>ANS:->>>forms external protective covering of the body Skeletal system >>>ANS:->>>the physical foundation of the body. It is composed of 206 bones that vary in size and shame and are connected by moveable and immovable joints. Circulatory system >>>ANS:->>>body system consisting of the heart and blood vessels that circulate blood through the body Endocrine system >>>ANS:->>>affects the growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body. Excretory System >>>ANS:->>>group of organs including the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine and lungs that purify the body by the elimination of waste matter
Integumentary System >>>ANS:->>>Serves as a protective covering and helps in regulating the body's temperature; consists of skin, accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails. Muscular System >>>ANS:->>>Covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton tissue; also contracts and moves various parts of the body nervous System >>>ANS:->>>controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently; consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves. respiratory system >>>ANS:->>>system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs Occipital bone >>>ANS:->>>hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape. Parietal bones >>>ANS:->>>bones that form the sides and top of the cranium Frontal bone >>>ANS:->>>forms the forehead Temporal bones >>>ANS:->>>bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region
radius bone >>>ANS:->>>lower arm bone thumb side, next to ulna, only bone in body that can twist round another w/o breaking carpus >>>ANS:->>>the wrist; flexible joint composed of a group of eight small irregular bones held together by ligaments phalanges >>>ANS:->>>bones of the fingers and toes Origin >>>ANS:->>>Part of the muscle that does not move and is attached to the skeleton, and is usually part of the skeletal muscle. Insertion >>>ANS:->>>part of the muscle at the more movable attachments to the skeleton belly >>>ANS:->>>the middle part of the muscle corrugator muscle >>>ANS:->>>Muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi that draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically orbicularis oculi muscle >>>ANS:->>>ring muscle of the eye socket; enables you to close your eyes
procerus muscle >>>ANS:->>>Muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose. latissimus dorsi >>>ANS:->>>Broad, Flat superficial muscle covering the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back. Controls swinging movements of the arm. deltoid >>>ANS:->>>a large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint and serving to abduct and flex and extend and rotate the arm extensors >>>ANS:->>>muscles that straighten the wrist, hand and fingers to form a straight line flexors >>>ANS:->>>Extensor muscles of the wrist, involved in bending the wrist
to mix, or emulsify hydrophilic >>>ANS:->>>means water-loving lipophilic >>>ANS:->>>means oil-loving pH scale >>>ANS:->>>measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance Conductor >>>ANS:->>>any substance that easily transmits electricity direct current >>>ANS:->>>electric current that flows only in one direction converter >>>ANS:->>>an apparatus that changes direct current to alternating current alternating current >>>ANS:->>>rapid and interrupted current, flowing first in one direction and then in the opposite direction volt >>>ANS:->>>unit that measures the pressure or force that pushes the flow of electrons forward through a conductor amp >>>ANS:->>>unit that measures the amount of an electric current (quantity of electrons flowing through a conductor)
milliampere >>>ANS:->>>one thousandth of an ampere ohm >>>ANS:->>>The unit of measure of electrical resistance. watt >>>ANS:->>>Measurement of how much electric energy is being used in one second kilowatt >>>ANS:->>>a unit of power equal to 1000 watts Electrotherapy >>>ANS:->>>electronic facial treatments electrode >>>ANS:->>>applicator for directing the electric current from machine to clients skin anode >>>ANS:->>>Positive electrode cathode >>>ANS:->>>Negative electrode Galvanic and Tesla >>>ANS:->>>two main modalities used in cosmetology Iontophoresis >>>ANS:->>>process of introducing water soluble products into the skin with the use of electric current, such as the use of the positive and negative poles of a galvanic machine Cataphoresis >>>ANS:->>>process of forcing acidic substances into deeper
dermal papilla >>>ANS:->>>small cone shaped elevation located at the base of the hair follicle that fits into the hair bulb arrector pili >>>ANS:->>>tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect sebaceous glands >>>ANS:->>>oil glands of the skin connected to hair follicles cuticle >>>ANS:->>>outermost layer of the hair cortex >>>ANS:->>>middle layer of the hair medulla >>>ANS:->>>innermost layer of the hair Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur >>>ANS:->>>the 5 main elements that make up the human hair polypeptide chains >>>ANS:->>>a long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (makes up the cortex); cross-linked by 3 different types of side bonds (hydrogen, salt, and disulfide bonds) which hold keratin fibers in place hydrogen bond >>>ANS:->>>a weak physical side bond that is easily broken by water or heat.
salt bond >>>ANS:->>>another weak side bond that is easily broken by strong alkaline or acidic solutions disulfide bond >>>ANS:->>>Strongest bond that can only be broken by chemicals Melanin >>>ANS:->>>tiny grains of pigment in hair and skin eumelanin >>>ANS:->>>Melanin that give brown and black color to hair pheomelanin >>>ANS:->>>melanin that provides natural hair colors from red and ginger to yellow/blond tones texture >>>ANS:->>>thickness or diameter of the individual hair strand density >>>ANS:->>>measures the number of individual hair strands on 1 square inch porosity >>>ANS:->>>ability of the hair to absorb moisture elasticity >>>ANS:->>>ability of the hair to stretch and return to its original length without breaking
canities >>>ANS:->>>technical term for gray hair hypertrichosis >>>ANS:->>>condition of abnormal hair growth, characterized by the growth of teminal hair in areas of the body that normally grow only vellus hair trichoptilosis >>>ANS:->>>technical term for split ends trichorrhexis nodosa >>>ANS:->>>knotted hair, characterized by brittleness and the formation of nodular swellings along the hair shaft monilethrix >>>ANS:->>>technical term for beaded hair
fragilitas cranium >>>ANS:->>>technical term for brittle hair Pityriasis >>>ANS:->>>technical term for dandruff; characterized by excessive production and accumulation of skin cells. Pityriasis capitis simples >>>ANS:->>>Is the technical term for classic dandruff characterized by scalp irritation, large flakes, and an itchy scalp. Tinea >>>ANS:->>>medical term for ringworm, a contagious condition caused by fungal infection Tinea Capitis >>>ANS:->>>fungal infection of the scalp characterized by red papules, or spots at the opening of hair follicles Tinea favosa >>>ANS:->>>fungal infection characterized by dry, sulfur-yellow, cup like crusts on the scalp, called scatula scabies >>>ANS:->>>a contagious skin infection caused by the itch mite pediculosis capitis >>>ANS:->>>infestation of the scalp with lice furnucle >>>ANS:->>>boil; acute, localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle
Oval >>>ANS:->>>Facial contour that is about 1 1/2 times linger thant its width across the brow Round >>>ANS:->>>Facial contour that has a round hairline and round chin; wide face Square >>>ANS:->>>Facial contour that is wide at the temples, narrow at the middle third of the face, and squared off at the jaw. Triangular >>>ANS:->>>Facial contour that has a narrow forehead, wide jaw, and chin line Oblong >>>ANS:->>>Facial contour that is long, narrow, with hollow cheeks Diamond >>>ANS:->>>Facial contour that is narrow at the forehead, extreme width through the cheekbones and narrow at the chin. Inverted triangle >>>ANS:->>>Facial contour that is wide at the forehead and narrow at the chin Straight >>>ANS:->>>the "ideal" facial profile Convex >>>ANS:->>>Facial profile that curves outward
Concave >>>ANS:->>>facial profile that curves inward Proportion, balance, rhythm, emphasis, and harmony >>>ANS:->>> 5 important principles in art and design Reference points >>>ANS:->>>points on the head mark where the surface of the head changes, such as the ears, jaw line, occipital bone, or apex Parietal ridge >>>ANS:->>>widest area of the head, starting at the temples and ending at the bottom of the crown Occipital bone >>>ANS:->>>Bone that protrudes at the base of the skull Apex >>>ANS:->>>Highest point on the top of the head Crown >>>ANS:->>>area between the apex and the back of the parietal ridge. Nape >>>ANS:->>>area at the back part of the neck and consists of the hair below the occipital bone Bang/Fringe >>>ANS:->>>area that is a triangular section that begins at the apex and ends at the front corners Elevation >>>ANS:->>>the angle or degree at which a subsection of hair is
