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Operant Conditioning - Skinner - ANSWER learned by association -works withVOLUNTARY behaviors - applying reinforcement or punishment AFTER the behavior Creator of this method considered a "reinforcer" something that made a behavior occurmore frequently. If there was no change in the behavior, it wasn't a reinforcement. Formula: Discriminative Stimulus (your command)-Response-Consequence Class Associated Learning-Pavlov-ANSWER Learned association between 2 events:1event is neutral and 1 event elicits an unconditioned response. Works w/INVOLUNTARY/automatic behaviors (like drooling) and placing a neutral sign (likeringing a bell) BEFORE it.
John Watson's basic theory of behavior - ANSWER Behavior is based on responding to agiven stimulus
Learning - ANSWER a change in behavior that lasts for a long time Baby Albert Experiment - ANSWER Dr. John Watson's Study
- Baby Albert was presented with loud crashing noises that were associated with a white rat-become to know as fear conditioning) **- Baby Albert came to fear the rat without the noises
- Stimulus Generalization** things with white hair - baby Albert began to fear things similar to the rat such as
Thought to have proved fear was taught, not innate.
Performance - ANSWER the doing of a behavior, doesn't mean that something waslearned
Discriminative Stimulus - ANSWER Your command Temporary Criteria - ANSWER the beginning steps of an exercise towards performing acommand that is new to the dog
Reward Based Training - ANSWER uses positive reinforcement (rewards) and negativepunishment (removing something the dog likes - i.e. your attention)
Primary Reinforcer - ANSWER food, water, anything dog needs for survival. Foodactivates parasympathetic nervous system, can calm dog, make him less fearful, & result in training process being enjoyable Secondary Reinforcer aka Conditioned Reinforcer - ANSWER Clicker, saying "yes",. ..marks a behavior as rewardable and promises reward in near future. Rewards such as tennis balls, petting, clapping, tug- dog is conditioned to like them. ALL OF THESE ARELEARNED THROUGH CLASSICAL CONDITIONING.
Tertiary Reinforcer - ANSWER anything that reliably predicts the chance of receivingreinforcement - further removed than a secondary reinforcer.
reinforcement counterpoint - ANSWER Do not feed or reinforce undesired behaviorsduring training
Shaping - ANSWER reinforcement of dog for successful progressive approximations ofthe permanent criteria, aka final desired behavior.
Luring - ANSWER Entice the dog into the behavior by leading him into it with a treat.
VSR - ANSWER Variable Schedules of Reinforcement - good for fluency Differential Reinforcement of Excellent Behavior - ANSWER A type of VSR where welook for the best examples of the desired behavior to reward & ignore other offers
Limited Hold - ANSWER (VSR) Reward is available only for a certain length of time. Itrewards the SPEED of response.
Operant conditioning - ANSWER Majority of dog training is this type Habituation - ANSWER A decrease in the strength of a naturally elicited behavior thatoccurs through repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.
The reason for varying rewards - ANSWER Because dogs can habituate to rewardsresulting in slower, less vigorous responses
Sensitization - ANSWER reaction to a stimulus becomes even stronger when thestimulus is being shown repeatedly
Desensitization - ANSWER When an animal is exposed to a stimulus that evokes noresponse because the level of stimulation is too low this is called:
counter conditioning - ANSWER a form of behavior therapy that utilizes classicalconditioning to elicit new responses to stimuli that are causing undesirable behaviors
CER Conditioned Emotional Response - ANSWER i.e. dog rides in car, hears backfire,now associates ride in car with loud scary noises and doesn't want to ride in cars. Very resistant to extinction Adaptation - ANSWER Involves the physical process of training. Sometimes confused
with habituation but has nothing to do with learning. It's the tiring of sensory neurons toperceive the stimulus.
Learned Irrelevance - ANSWER Pre-exposure effect. learns to ignore things that have orhad no meaning to him or stops responding to a specific stimulus (cue, trigger) because it doesn't have a particular significance that is relevant to the dog. In other words, it's the principle behind why your dog pretends to show deaf ears toyour repeated command to "sit", "no bite", or "come".
Another example: Dog is crated dog in a group dog class and hears owners cuing theirdogs to "come". But this dog is crated and the owner not present or is leading the class. He's basically learned to ignore a "come" command. Owner will probably need to use anew word, like "here" instead.
Learned Helplessnes - ANSWER Dog gives up - will not engage with stimulus. Expectsattempts will result in failure.
Single Event Learning - ANSWER learning that occurs when something happenssuddenly, that is not related to anything else. A stimulus causes a response. (usually due to noises, movements) Compulsive Training - ANSWER uses some degree of negative reinforcement andpositive punishment, prong collars, leash jerks, choke chains, praise as reward
4 Stages of Learning - ANSWER Acquisition, Fluency, Generalization, Maintenance Law of Parsimony - ANSWER Occam's Razor. unless there is evidence to the contrary,one with the fewest assumptions should be selected. The simplest, obvious answer is usually the best. aka Law of Simplicity, Law of Economy. Reinforcer - ANSWER recipient considers it good
Spontaneous Recovery - ANSWER AKA Extinction Burst, an increased frequency of abehavior just before extinction. (behavior gets worse, then gets better)
Spontaneous Recovery - ANSWER sudden recurrence of a learned response duringextinction
The Humane Hierarchy's steps to manage or modify behavior - ANSWER 1. Health,Nutrition, and Physical Factors.
- Antecedents
- Positive Reinforcement, Classical Conditioning
- Live with or Manage the Behavior5. Positive Punishment - E collars are last resort
Visual Barricade - ANSWER When working with a reactive dog, your first step is to makea:
Wolf - ANSWER Canis Lupis Dog - ANSWER Canis Familiaris Tame - ANSWER accustomed to human presence/ decreasing flight distance andincreasing tolerance to humans over one individual lifespan
Domestication - ANSWER undergone extensive behavioral & biological changesresulting from selective breeding over course of many generations
Selective Breeding Began - ANSWER 300-500 years ago 10 days old - wolf - ANSWER standard to begin taming process
19 days - wolf - ANSWER Amount of time before wolfs can not be successfully tamed. Survival of the friendliest- ANSWER Theory about how wolfs self domesticatedthemselves. Less fearful, better mannered wolves got more food scraps from humans, and out competed others with the advantage. Phylogeny- ANSWER evolutionary history of an organism Phylogenetic Behaviors in dog - ANSWER Behaviors common to dog as a species ingeneral that have developed over generations i.e. innate fear of fire and loud noises. Modification of this type of behavior can be done. Phylogenetic behaviors - ANSWER 1. Fear of fire2. Nursing in puppies
Ontogenetic Behavior - ANSWER develops over lifetime of individual dog. i.e. quicklylearns to run to human for piece of food when name is called
3 motivations for canine behaviour - ANSWER 1. Acquisition of food2. Avoidance of hazard/safety/comfort
- Reproductive behaviour Temperament - ANSWER Nature (phylogenetic) & Nurture (environment) plus theexperiences that occur during the critical periods
Inherited behavior - ANSWER automatic behaviour - i.e. nursing. Dog doesn't have tolearn it.
How many % chromosomes do dogs inherit from each parent - ANSWER Dogs inherit
Opposition Reflex - ANSWER Thigmotaxis - if you pull one way, the dog's natural reflex isto pull the opposite way
Social Hierarchy - ANSWER Is flexible, dependent upon variables such as context andphysical state of the dog and those around him. Social relationships are built up over time by multiple interactions. Dilated - ANSWER Eyes appear this way when dog is fearful or defensive Dog's lips retract vertically - only the front teeth are showing. (C shape mouth) -ANSWER The dog's mouth in an Offensive threat
Dog's lips retract horizontally - you can usually see all the teeth, even the back ones. -ANSWER Dog's mouth when showing teeth defensively
Baseline Posture - ANSWER Normal body posture for a dog. Tail down, head up, mouthrelaxed, body not stiff.
Ambivalence - ANSWER In conflict, unsure, may be confused. Dog's body language mayshow offensive and defensive positions.
Displacement Behaviors - ANSWER Shows that the dog is unsure of himself and trying tohold it together.
List of several displacement behaviors - ANSWER yawning, lip licking, scratching - outof context behaviors.
Language of Dogs - ANSWER sight, sound, smell Critical Zone - ANSWER Dog's personal space dependent on environment and stress
levels Calming Signals - ANSWER yawning, turning away, blinking, averting eyes, etc. producepacifying effect on animal exhibiting them and possibly the animal they're signaling to.
Greeting behavior - ANSWER mutual curving nose to tail, somewhat relaxed body andwagging tail. If dog is unsure, body will be stiff and high, wagging slowly
Agonistic - ANSWER combative Options dogs use to resolve social or competitive disputes - ANSWER Avoidance,Appeasement, Submission
Main trigger of aggression - ANSWER Fear Dominance - ANSWER a reaction to a situation, not a personality trait Best neutralizer when you see a dog with conflicted emotions or threatening aggression- ANSWER Space. A secondary one is keeping the dog focused on a rewarding task.
Social Faciliation - ANSWER Pack mentality. i.e. One dog becomes aggressive andothers around him follow suit toward a particular dog. One dog gets a drink of water and many others do. etc. Distress - ANSWER a negative Stress that shuts down engagement Eustress - ANSWER A positive stress that energizes and helps to reach a goal Signs of distress - ANSWER Shedding, dilated pupils, whale eye, sweaty paws,trembling, arched back
CER - Conditioned Emotional Response - ANSWER dog rides in car, hears loud backfireand it scares him. Now he's afraid to ride in cars thinking he'll hear that scary noise. What kind of response is this? Thorndike Theory - ANSWER What is reinforced will occur more often and what ispunished will occur less often.
Punishment - ANSWER seems to increase the variability of the behavior. ABC's of Learning - ANSWER Antecedent - stimulus present in environment BEFORE thebehavior Behavior - anything the dog does responding to that stimulus Consequence - anything that happens to the dog as a result of that behavior Antecedent - ANSWER Any stimulus present BEFORE the behavior occurs consequences - ANSWER This is what influences/drives the dog's behavior (R+) - ANSWER Positive Reinforcement - a reward is added P- ANSWER Negative Punishment - a reward is subtracted P+ ANSWER an aversive is added R- ANSWER an aversive is subtracted Aversive ANSWER Punishment, something unpleasant R- ANSWER Dog on slip/choke collar - pressure is released when dog is not pulling.
This is an an example of which operant conditioning principle? P+ ANSWER A punishment is added - dog barks inappropriately and owner vibrates hise collar. This is the definition, an an example, of which operant conditioning principle? P+ and R- - ANSWER A punishment is added A punishment or aversive is subtractedThis is the definition of which operant conditioning principles?
P- and R+ - ANSWER Something desirable is subtracted.A reward is added. This is the definition of which operant conditioning principles? P- -ANSWER Dog jumping on person. The person turns back to the dog or leaves theroom. This is an example of which operant conditioning principle?
R+ - ANSWER dog performs a sit and is given a treat immediately after performing thebehavior. This is an example of which operant conditioning principle?
3 to 16 weeks of age - ANSWER brain is biologically ready to make long term change inresponse to social input at this age
when to begin vaccination program - ANSWER 6-8 weeks of age when to start group class with pup - ANSWER 1 to 2 weeks after receiving their firstdose of vaccine for distemper, parvo, and adenovirus
at what age is the Distemper, Hepatitis, & Parvo (DHP) vaccines given? - ANSWER start
Kennel Cough - ANSWER Also known as Bordetella Bordetella Transmission - ANSWER Contact, airborne or direct Canine Influenza Symptoms - ANSWER Upper respiratory symptoms, nasal discharge,cough, fever, and pneumonia
Canine Influenza Transmission - ANSWER Close direct contact & airborne viarespiratory secretions
Leptospirosis Symptoms - ANSWER lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, jaundice, abdominalpain
Leptospirosis transmission - ANSWER urine/bodily fluids or direct contact with infectedhosts (mostly squirrels and other critters)
Coronavirus Symptoms - ANSWER Diarrhea (orange tint fetid odor), vomiting,dehydration
Lyme disease symptoms - ANSWER anorexia, fever, swollen joints and lymph nodes,intermittent lameness, lethargy
Lyme Disease Transmission - ANSWER tick bite Coronavirus transmission - ANSWER Contaminated feces Titer test - ANSWER Blood test to see if dog is properly protected by vaccines. High titercount means recent exposure or vaccinations.
Tape Worms - ANSWER look like rice when dry Coccidia - ANSWER zoonotic, disinfectant resistant, contagious, produce waterydiarrhea
Giardia - ANSWER A microorganism that infects the digestive system, lives incontaminated soil. Transmitted via mucus, blood, or stool.
Tick-transmitted diseases - ANSWER Lyme Rocky Mountain Fever AnemiaParalysis
Rocky Mountain Fever - ANSWER Transmitted by ticks Round worms - ANSWER a few inches long and look like spaghetti Sarcoptic Mange - ANSWER AKA Canine Scabies - is highly contagious and zoonotic -infects humans - Skin/fur mite
Demodectic Mange - ANSWER disease caused by demodex mange mite on the skin andhair of dogs - red itchy skin infection.
Not zoonotic, not contagious. Is thought to be due to an immature or suppressed immune system Cheyletiellosis (Cheyletiella mite) - ANSWER Also referred to as "walking dandruff".Zoonotic, highly contagious, can be transmitted to humans.
Continuous Reinforcement (CR)-ANSWER Dog is rewarded for every correct response.Some trainers use this for when dog is first learning the correct response.
Problem with Continuous Reinforcement Schedule-ANSWER You're rewarding goodresponses with poor responses so the dog has no motive to improve. Also difficult to phase out the food rewards. Fixed Schedules - Ratio or Interval - ANSWER Dog is rewarded on a regular basis (fixed),after a number of responses (ratio), or certain amount of time (interval). Example: after every five seconds of sit-stay (FD5) = Fixed Duration 5 seconds Fixed Interval (FI) - ANSWER Rewarding a dog for holding a down/stay for 10 seconds isusing what reinforcement schedule:
Problem with Fixed Schedule - Ratio or Interval - ANSWER immediately after dog isrewarded, his attention decreases because he knows the next reward is sometime in the future. No good for improving quality of performance. Dog rushes through repetitions toget another reward. Behavior may "scallop". Dog may refuse to work if intervals are too long. Problem with Variable Duration Reinforcement and with Variable Ratio Reinforcement -ANSWER Few people can calculate the process correctly doesn't improve quality of performance Variable Schedules - Ratio or Interval - ANSWER Dog is rewarded after unpredictablenumber of responses (ratio) or unpredictable length durations (interval). For example VD5 - dog is rewarded after varying durations that average out to be 5 seconds Differential Reinforcement (DR) - ANSWER Dog receives variable value rewardsaccording to the quality of the performance. Rewarded for precision or best examples of the behavior Proofing - ANSWER Achieving excellent generalization by the dog. The dog can performthe cue in the same way in different environments, each time, all the time.
Neonatal Stage - ANSWER 0 to 2 weeks. Born blind, deaf, and without teeth. Unable toregulate their body temperature. Sleep about 90% of the time. Most influenced by mother. Transitional Stage - ANSWER 2 to 4 weeks. Eyes open, hearing develops, puppybecomes explorer. Capable of standing. Play behavior begins to bloom. Start to eliminate on their own. Sounds can startle. Most influenced by mother & littermates. Awareness Stage - ANSWER 3 to 4 weeks. All senses functioning. Novelty should beintroduced.
Primary Socialization Stage - ANSWER 3 to 7 weeks - critical for canine socialization -Bonding. Quick startle recovery. First fear response ~5 weeks. Learning bite inhibition. Weaning process starts. Puppy Aptitude Test - ANSWER Desigined by Wendy Vlohard. Carried out on the 49thday of life. The results show an indication of potential, but not hard prediction of adult temperament. Secondary Socialization Stage - ANSWER 7 - 12 weeks. Stage to bond with otherspecies, like humans.
First Fear Period - ANSWER 8 to 11 weeks. Shouldn't be exposed to scary events suchas being shipped across the world or undergoing elective surgeries.
Seniority Classification Period - ANSWER 3 to 4 Months (12-16 weeks) - Effectivesocialization window closes. Boundary testing begins.
Age of Cutting Teeth (Age of Independence) - ANSWER 3 - 4 months (12 - 16 weeks) -Seniority Classification Period
