Understanding Homicide and Rape: Theories and Statistics, Slides of Criminology

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Chapter 11 Crimes of Violence

Chapter Summary

 Chapter Eleven is an overview of the most

prominent violent crimes in the United States and

world wide.

 The chapter begins with an explanation of homicide

and a comparison of homicide rates in the United

States compared with the rest of the world.

 Chapter Eleven then discusses the crime of rape, and

the main theories associated with the crime of rape.

Chapter Summary

 Discuss robbery

 Explain aggravated assault

 Understand the theories regarding crimes of

violence

 Discuss the implications of violence

Murder

 The FBI defines murder as: “The willful (non-

negligent) killings of one human being by

another.”

State Rank Total Violent Murder Rape Robbery Aggravated

 - Table 11.1 Violent Crime Rates and State Rank in - Alabama (22) 426.6 5.6 38.5 133.4 249. Assault - Alaska (7) 634.5 5.6 85.1 68.2 475. - Arizona (13) 504.1 7.2 33.0 134.4 329. - Arkansas (15) 499.1 6.4 42.4 86.2 364. - California (9) 551.8 6.7 26.8 172.1 346. 

• Colorado (25) 373.5 4.4 42.5 81.5 245.
  • Connecticut (34) 286.3 2.6 20.7 120.5 142.
    • Delaware (12) 568.4 2.0 41.5 146.7 378.
• District of Columbia 1,371.2 35.8 40.1 578.5 716. - Florida (2) 711.3 5.4 38.0 172.4 495.
  • Georgia (19) 455.5 6.9 27.0 154.7 266. - Hawaii (39) 254.4 2.6 26.4 74.8 150.
    • Idaho (42) 244.9 2.2 40.9 17.2 184.
      • Illinois (10) 542.9 6.1 33.2 177.2 326.
      • Indiana (29) 325.4 5.1 28.9 102.2 189.
      • Iowa (37) 270.9 1.6 26.7 38.0 204.
      • Kansas (24) 374.5 4.5 40.4 66.3 263.
        • Kentucky (41) 244.9 5.7 29.9 78.8 130.
  • Louisiana (6) 638.7 12.7 35.8 145.4 444.
    • Maine (49) 103.5 1.4 23.9 21.9 56.
  • Maryland (3) 700.5 9.4 23.7 229.6 437.
    • Massachusetts (18) 458.8 2.6 28.0 116.4 311.
    • Michigan (17) 490.2 6.4 54.2 111.9 317.
    • Minnesota (38) 269.6 2.2 41.6 79.8 146.
      • Mississippi (32) 295.1 7.8 40.0 86.2 161.
    • Missouri (16) 490.5 6.2 25.7 115.2 343.
  • Montana (33) 293.8 3.2 29.5 25.1 236.
  • Nebraska (30) 308.7 2.3 35.5 65.1 205.
  • Nevada (8) 615.9 7.4 40.9 210.1 357.
    • New Hampshire (47) 167.0 1.4 35.3 38.5 91. - New Jersey (26) 355.7 4.5 15.3 150.3 185.
• New Mexico (5) 687.3 8.9 54.6 108.3 515.
• New York (21) 441.6 4.6 18.8 174.3 244.
• North Carolina (20) 447.8 6.2 27.4 137.9 276.
• North Dakota (50) 79.4 1.4 25.1 6.1 46.
• Ohio (28) 341.8 4.5 40.5 153.1 143.
• Oklahoma (14) 500.5 5.3 44.2 87.7 363.

Oregon (31) 298.3 2.5 35.7 76.5 183.

Pennsylvania (23) 411.1 5.2 28.5 148.9 288.

Rhode Island (40) 247.4 2.4 29.6 67.6 147.

South Carolina (1) 784.2 6.9 40.9 129.7 606.

South Dakota (46) 171.5 2.3 43.8 14.8 110.

Tennessee (4) 695.2 5.9 37.6 149.8 501.

Texas (11) 540.5 6.1 37.3 159.3 339.

Utah (43) 236.0 1.9 39.1 51.7 143.

Vermont (48) 112.0 2.6 24.4 12.2 72.

Virginia (35) 275.6 5.2 23.7 92.6 154.

Washington (27) 343.8 3.1 46.1 94.6 200.

West Virginia (36) 271.2 3.7 17.6 42.3 207.

Wisconsin (45) 209.6 2.8 20.6 73.8 112.

Wyoming (44) 229.6 2.2 22.1 13.2 192.

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation (2005).Crime in the United States, 2004: Uniform

Crime Reports. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

Note: We did not include District of Columbia for ranking purposes.

State Rank Total Violent Murder Rape Robbery Aggravated Assault

Homicide Trends in the United States in the

Twentieth Century

 The decrease in the homicide rate in the early 1990s

can be attributed to several factors including a large

decrease in the crack market and in gang warfare as

territories became consolidated by the strong

pushing out the weak.

 Perhaps the biggest factor in the homicide drop has

been the medical and technological improvements.

Figure 11.

Homicide Rates in the United States in the 20th Century

Source: National Center for Health Statistics. (2002).Vital statistics.

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Categories of Murder

 Involuntary manslaughter :

Criminal homicide where an

unintentional killing results

from a reckless act.

 Negligent manslaughter :

An unintentional homicide

that is charged when a death

or deaths arise from some

negligent act that carries a

substantial risk of death to

others.

Stranger, Acquaintance, Family Member:

Who Kills Whom?

 The typical homicide victim and perpetrator is a

young black male living in a large urban center.

 When females kill males, it is typically a spouse,

ex-spouse, or boyfriend in a self-defense situation.

Figure 11. Homicide Victimization for Years 1976- by Age, Gender & Race

Source: Homicide trends in the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2004).Homicide trends in the

U.S. Retrieved from http://www.ojp.gov/bjs/homicide/tables/varstab.htm

Other Violent Crimes

 Although murder is the most serious of the

violent crimes, it is the rarest.

Rape and Rapists

 Forcible rape : The carnal knowledge of a female

forcibly and against her will.

 Rapes of males are classified as either assault or other

sex offenses.

Rape and Rapists

 The 16-24 age groups were most likely to be

victimized; women with household incomes less

than $7500 per year were most likely to be

victimized; Women who were divorced or separated

were most likely to be victimized.