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Understanding the Causes of Crime: A Comprehensive Look into Criminology, Slides of Criminology

An in-depth exploration of criminology, the study of crime causes and prevention. It covers various aspects of crime, including its distribution in time and place, the role of genetics, hormonal imbalances, and brain development. The document also discusses different philosophies on crime and their impact on crime prevention strategies.

Typology: Slides

2021/2022

Uploaded on 03/31/2022

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Criminology is the study of the etiology of crime what
causes crime and why. To answer that question, we seek to
detect crime and then accurately measure it in all its dimensions:
where, when, and why is it distributed in time and place
where, when, how, why and who is committing it
where when, how, why and who are the victims
Based on an assessment of that information, a response or a
treatment is prescribed in both a preventative and curative
context if possible. Criminology seeks epistemological
understanding so as to better prevent and respond to crime
in a social/communal context and to minimize its negative
Impacts.
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Download Understanding the Causes of Crime: A Comprehensive Look into Criminology and more Slides Criminology in PDF only on Docsity!

Criminology is the study of the etiology of crime – what causes crime and why. To answer that question, we seek to

detect crime and then accurately measure it in all its dimensions:  where, when, and why is it distributed in time and place

 where, when, how, why and who is committing it

 where when, how, why and who are the victims

Based on an assessment of that information, a response or a treatment is prescribed in both a preventative and curative

context if possible. Criminology seeks epistemological

understanding so as to better prevent and respond to crime in a social/communal context and to minimize its negative

Impacts.

 Macro differentiation/inter crime specificity

 Micro differentiation/intra crime specificity

 We overuse the word “cause”:

a. causality v. spurious correlations

b. causality v. accentuating, aggravating

impacts

It is impossible to speak of one specific

cause for the wide range of behavior

classified as criminal

◦ Macro

◦ Micro

You cannot call something a cause of an

event if it rarely produces the event. Many

factors impact in a non-causal context, and

would more appropriately be called:

 Contributing factors

 Precipitating factors

 Accentuating factors

 Aggravating factors

 Compounding factors

Level 1 – Fear of Punishment

Level 2 – Promise of Reward

Level 3 – Altruistic Motivation

Justice will be realized only when people are

intrinsically willing to obey the unenforceable.

An interdisciplinary social science-based

field of study that seeks a core, etiological

understanding of the preventative and

curative aspects of crime that seeks to develop

and continually enhance a body of scientific

knowledge relative to preventative and curative

strategies; the seeks to create better

measurement instruments, better diagnostic

capabilities, and ultimately, better

preventative, control and treatment options.

Criminologists and justice professionals must:

* Uncover scientific truths/grow the body of knowledge.

* Be alert as to when the best time would be to bring the

results forward (be attuned to the zeitgeist).

*Engage in activities that create a politically palatable

environment/create a setting where truths can be aired

and implemented.

We must be both scientific and public criminologists for our

research to have any value.

I.) Demonological Theories 1.) Traditional - Augustine, Gregory I, Gregory VII, Jerome 2.) Pre-Classical - Aquinas, Luther, Machiavelli 3.) Social Contract - Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire

I.) Demonological Theories…continued C.) Social Contract - Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire

 Behavior a mix of other world factors and by personal impulses and instincts, you agree to abide by the laws and the State agrees to maintain order, the State punishes when that contract is violated

 Hobbes – people are basically bad, the reason there is crime is because the state does not punish with sufficient frequency and severity

 Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire – people are basically good (new paradigm), head of the state is the servant of the people, rule of law (no one, not even the King is above the law), it is better to free a guilty man than to condemn an innocent one

Hobbes wins out initially, but Lockean et al philosophies eventually emerge in the Western world

I.) Demonological Theories 1.) Traditional - Augustine, Gregory I, Gregory VII, Jerome 2.) Pre-Classical - Aquinas, Luther, Machiavelli 3.) Social Contract - Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire

II.) Naturalistic Theories 1.) Classical - Cicero, Beccaria, Bentham, Burke

There are some aggregate costs (innocent

punished/guilty punished more severely than they

should be – read Liberty v. Order), but these costs

are the necessary and totally acceptable secondary

collateral consequences as we must avert chaos

and maintain order and stability as the

primary/overriding goal.

1. People are basically evil

2. Self determinism

3. Order the over-riding focus; liberty is but a

secondary concern

4. Deterrence Theory/Rational Man Theory

5. Focus on the crime

6. State punishes (not the church)

7. Utilitarian perspective

This was the prominent theory from the mid-1700s until the

late 1800s. The Kings loved it for it justified their harsh and

arbitrary use of power, as did another holdover notion from

the Demonological era, the Divine Right of Kings. There ideas

taken in tandem justified the Kings’ punitive ways, and loved

Bentham for justifying their murders and frauds.

Under Demonological theory, the Pope was the judge. Under

Classical theory (and its Divine Right of Kings notion), the

Kings were the ultimate judge. Under Positivism (our next

topic), it is the people who rule and reign (popular

sovereignty), and there are many perspectives that have

grown from this orientation.

I.) Demonological Theories 1.) Traditional - Augustine, Gregory I, Gregory VII, Jerome 2.) Pre-Classical - Aquinas, Luther, Machiavelli 3.) Social Contract - Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire

II.) Naturalistic Theories 1.) Classical - Cicero, Beccaria, Bentham, Burke 2.) Positivist - Lombroso, Quetelet, Comte A. Biological Determinism - Galton, Lombroso

  1. Constitutional - Gall, Goring, Hooton, Jacobs, Sheldon
  2. Bio Social - Hippchen, Jeffrey, Edward O. Wilson