Criminology Lexicons, Communication, and the Society, Correctional Reports and Records,, Lecture notes of Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and Data Privacy

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DEDICATION

This book is dedicated to my beloved mother, Mrs. Aishat Isiaka and to all Criminology Students’ graduates and undergraduates in the World. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank all who in one way or another contributed in the completion of this work. First, I give thanks to Almighty God for protection and ability to successfully actualize this work. I am so grateful to Salem University, Lokoja (SU) for making it possible for me to study here. I give deep appreciations to the professors, Doctors and lecturers at the University. I extend profound gratitude to my highly esteemed lecturers who give me a professional guidance and taught me a great deal about both scientific research and life in general. I would especially like to thank. Dr. Uche Wilson Nwosu, Dr. Okwendi Solomon and Dr. Nwaneri Constance. They have taught me more than I could ever give them credit for. My special words of thanks should also go to my research co-guides Dr. Ameh Sunday and Dr. Solomon Okwendi for their continuous support, guidance, cooperation, encouragement and for facilitating the entire requirement, going out of their way. They have taught me another aspect of life, that “goodness can never be defied and good human beings can never be denied”. I owe a lot of gratitude to them for always being there for me and I feel privileged to be associated with persons like them during my life. My special regards to my friends Comr. Onujeme Peter Emeka (Pee Link), A.A Muhammed, to mention but few. I extend greetings to all of you, and wish you all ‘new hope’. Finally, nobody has been more important to me in the pursuit of this book than the members of my family. I would like to thank my parents, whose love and guidance are with me in whatever I pursue. They are the ultimate role models. Most importantly, I wish to thank my loving and supportive brothers and sisters.

factor of ten when, on asking who had written such book before in contemporary Criminological issues in Nigeria. It was therefore, with some trepidation I agreed to take on the work and spent some years looking over the Dictionary of law, sociology, and related disciplines. My anxiety did not diminish! But however, the decision to develop a compendium of varied criminological jargons was borne out of the desire to evolve a literature that will be of intellectual value to serve students, scholars, and researchers in pursuant of their academic interest. However, this book is to plead for a little more sanity, common sense and a little more realism in approaching the problems of criminology. In its widest sense, it seems to me that, it is undeniable that we have gone far back, and that as a result, the need to improve students’ sense of criminological lexicons become urgent. Thus, many highly competent lawyers, criminologists, penologists and the like are most dissipated in clouds of criminological jargons. The basic factors which we cannot under any circumstances ignore is that students need to be accustomed with the terminology of their discipline, and as such, it will help them to express themselves better in the criminal world. INTRODUCTION As a student, researcher or the like studying or looking to study in the field of criminal justice, there are some need-to-know Criminology vocabularies to assist you in learning more about the criminal justice system, here are list of some criminological terms/vocabularies to know and understand some criminal lexicon before you graduate with a degree in Criminology and related disciplines. It will help to advance professionalism and become a leader in advocating the ideas required to improve the Criminal Justice

System (CJS) and unlock the dominant potentials of student’s intellectualism. It covers terminology relating to crime and the criminal justice process as well as civil/administrative terminology pertinent to the field. It includes legal definitions of terms as defined in the several books of dictionary. It is quite ideal to bring an intellectual innovation to our profession in order to meet the yearnings of Nigerians to enhance and promote the development of academic departments of criminology and security studies or justice education in our institutions of higher learning which will influence an increasing number of students who will learn about criminology and play professional roles in the criminal justice system. I have implicit confidence to share my experience in other to assuage and breed initiative ideas in approaching criminological issues. It is my hope that this book will further enrich criminology knowledge and enhance human capacity building, and general administration of the criminal justice system. Achieving these will not only be a source of fulfillment for me, but shall challenge me and other criminologist of like minds to explore further possibilities as we project the Nigeria criminologist through the 21 st century. Isiaka Haruna ( B.Sc Criminology & Security Studies)

• Dedication -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Acknowledgement-------------------------------------------------------------------------2-
• Preface---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-
• Abuse-Acquit-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER ONE
• Administrative criminology-Ageism-----------------------------------------------------
• Ambush- Admission------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Admissible-Alibi----------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Anomie- Appeal-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Allocution- Altruism---------------------------------------------------------------------
• Arrest- Asset forfeiture---------------------------------------------------------------------
• Atavism- Atrocities-------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Attempt-Adjudications---------------------------------------------------------------------
• Accusations- Attrition----------------------------------------------------------------------
• Assault- Autopsy----------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Backstabbing-Bias Motivated---------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER TWO
• Ballistics-Booking-------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Born criminals- Bifurcation-------------------------------------------------------------
• Bigamy- Blackmail-----------------------------------------------------------------------
• Burglary- Body language---------------------------------------------------------------
• Breach- Bribery----------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Capital punishment- Clientelism---------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER THREE
• Clique- Conspiracy----------------------------------------------------------------------
• Confiscation order- Constitutive criminology------------------------------------
• Containment- Cross-examination-----------------------------------------------------
• Compelled-Classical School------------------------------------------------------------
• Contravention-Criminalizing----------------------------------------------------------
• Cuffing- Collateral------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Compliance- Civil justice----------------------------------------------------------------
• Clearance Rate-Crime flux--------------------------------------------------------------
• Crime- Cultural criminology-----------------------------------------------------------
• Culpable- Corporal punishment------------------------------------------------------
• Corporate crime- Consensus model--------------------------------------------------
• Command- Crime prevention---------------------------------------------------------
• Criminal justice system- Cycloid------------------------------------------------------
• Dangerousness- Decarceration------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER FOUR
• Deception- Deterrence strategy------------------------------------------------------
• Detect row- Defendant-----------------------------------------------------------------
• Deterrent- Demeanor--------------------------------------------------------------------
• Deception- Drug-defined crimes----------------------------------------------------
• Duress--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Economic crime- Enforcement------------------------------------------------------ CHAPTER FIVE
• Estoppels- Evidence based policing-----------------------------------------------
• Exile- Entrapment----------------------------------------------------------------------
• Exemplary damages- Eyewitness-------------------------------------------------
• False Pretense- Fraud------------------------------------------------------------------ CHAPTER SIX
• First Appearance- Fence or Receiver----------------------------------------------
• Felony- Fraudulent---------------------------------------------------------------------
• Fraudulent preference- Firearm----------------------------------------------------
• Frisking-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Gang rape- Guilty by reason of insanity----------------------------------------- CHAPTER SEVEN
• Grievous bodily harm-----------------------------------------------------------------
• Habeas corpus- Hijack---------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER EIGHT
• Harm- Human rights------------------------------------------------------------------
• Id- Inchoate Crime--------------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER NINE
• Informant- Indict-----------------------------------------------------------------------
• Indictment- Imprisonment----------------------------------------------------------
• Incapacitated- Implication----------------------------------------------------------
• Investigation- Insurgency-----------------------------------------------------------
• Impunity---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Jurisdiction- Judicial review---------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER TEN
• Justice model- Juvenile offender----------------------------------------------------
• Kerb crawling- Knowing: ------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER ELEVEN
• Larceny- Legislation---------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER TWELVE
• Libel- Lewd--------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Law- Liquidated damages--------------------------------------------------------
• Mafia- Mala in se------------------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER THIRTEEN
• Mala prohibita- Menace---------------------------------------------------------------
• Mere Suspicion- Miscarriage of justice-------------------------------------------
• Misconduct- Mugging------------------------------------------------------------------
• Mutilation- Motive----------------------------------------------------------------------
• Narcotics- Notorious-------------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER FOURTEEN
• Norm- Nurturant strategy-------------------------------------------------------------
• Obstruction of Justice- Offender Management--------------------------------- CHAPTER FIFTEEN
• Offender profiling- Organized crime----------------------------------------------
• Onslaught- Ordeals---------------------------------------------------------------------
• Parole- Per pro--------------------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER SIXTEEN
• Peacemaking criminology- Precipitate-------------------------------------------
• Precedent- Preponderance of evidence-------------------------------------------
• Pilferage- Probation-----------------------------------------------------------------
• Prosecution- Positivist criminology----------------------------------------------
• Post-mortem- Preliminary hearing-----------------------------------------------
• Probable cause- Psychopath-------------------------------------------------------
• Psychosis –Phenomenology--------------------------------------------------------
• Qualitative measure- Quantitative data------------------------------------------- CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
• Radical criminology- Recidivism---------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
• Reductivism- Res ipsa loquitur------------------------------------------------------
• Resisting arrest- Retribution----------------------------------------------------------
• Retributivism- Recidivism------------------------------------------------------------
• Remand- Reasonable suspicion------------------------------------------------------
• Rebellion- Rule of law------------------------------------------------------------------
• Sabotage- Sentencers------------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER NINETEEN
• Self-regulation- Serial Keller---------------------------------------------------------
• Second-degree murder- Sexual offending---------------------------------------
• Sexual battery- Social Crime--------------------------------------------------------
• Social order- Social disorganization----------------------------------------------
• Situational crime prevention- Stalking------------------------------------------
• Statutory law- Subpoena-------------------------------------------------------------
• Surreptitious Entry- Sentence-------------------------------------------------------
• Summary Proceedings- Suicide----------------------------------------------------
• Scene of crime- Stare decisis---------------------------------------------------------
• Specific deterrence- Skyjacking----------------------------------------------------
• Tort- Threat------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CHAPTER TWENTY
• Threatening behavior- Tribunal---------------------------------------------------
• Terrorism- Trephination-------------------------------------------------------------
• Tyrannical--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Undertaking- Unlawful wounding------------------------------------------------ CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
• Unliquidated damages- Underworld---------------------------------------------
• Vandalism- Vicarious liability----------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
• Vice- Victim impact statements----------------------------------------------------
• Violations- Victim-proneness------------------------------------------------------
• Vandalism- Victimless----------------------------------------------------------------
• Warrant- Weapons---------------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
• Willful Homicide- Writ---------------------------------------------------------------
• REFERENCES----------------------------------------------------------------------124-

How to use the book Order of entries: The entries in this book are arranged in alphabetical order. The following are typical examples to guide you through: ACTUSREUS ABDUCTED ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ACQUIT ACCUSED ABOLITIONISM BURGLARY BAIL BULLYING BLACKMAIL BURDEN OF BURDEN BLUE-COLLAR CRIME CASE LAW CLAIM CHOP SHOP CLONING CLIENTELISM CONFISCATION Written to help you develop the essential skills needed to succeed on your course and prepare for practice.

capable of better understanding dominant ideological constructions of crime.

7. Administrative criminology: A form of practical policy-relevant criminology that focuses almost exclusively on the nature of the criminal event and the particular setting in which it occurs. Under this perspective, the offender is considered only as a ‘rational actor’ who makes calculated decisions about the costs and benefits of criminal action. Administrative criminologists seek to reduce the opportunities for crime, thus making the costs/risks of crime outweigh the potential benefits. 8. Administrative Law: A Body of regulations that government create to control the activities of industries or business and individuals. 9. Ageism: Discrimination or the holding of irrational and prejudicial views about individuals or groups, bases on their age. It involves stereotypical assumptions about a person’s or group physical or mental capacities and is often associated with derogatory language. 10.Ambush: An ambush is a long-established military tactics in which combatants take advantage of concealment and element of surprise to attack unsuspecting enemy combatants from concealed positions, such as among dense underbrush or behind hilltops.

11.Appellant: An appellant is someone who is appealing against a court’s decision after they have been judged guilty of a crime. 12.Adjourned: To break off (a meeting, legal case, or game) with the intention of resuming it later. 13.Alarm: An alarm device or system of alarm devices gives an audible, visual or other form of alarm signal about a problem or condition. Alarm devices are often outfitted with a siren. 14.Alleged: Said, without proof, to have taken place or to have a specified illegal or undesirable quality. 15.Alert: An alert is a situation in which people prepare themselves for something dangerous that might happen soon. 16.Admission: An admission in the law of evidence is the prior statement by an adverse party which can be admitted into evidence over a hearsay objection. It could be a written or verbal statement bya person concerning the truth. 17.Admissible: Acceptable or valid, especially as evidence in a court of law: Accused or able to be considered in a court of law. 18.Affidavits: A type of verified statement or showing or in other words, that contains a verification, meaning and is under oath or penalty of perjury, and this serves as evidence to its veracity and is required for court proceedings.

anther that justifies a person acting in self –defense against the potential attack. 26.Appeal : In law, an appeal is the process in which cases are reviewed, where parties request a formal change to an official decision. Appeals function both as a process for error correction as well as a process of clarifying and impacting law. 27.Allocution : An allocution, or allocutus, is a formal statement made to the court by the defendant who has been found guilty prior to being sentenced. It is part of the criminal procedure in some jurisdictions using common law. 28.Ammunition : This is a material fired, scattered, dropped or detonated from any weapon. Ammunition is both expendable weapons and the component parts of other weapons that create the effect on a target. 29.Alter ego : Your alter ego is a person to whom you are so close that he almost seems like an essential part of you, and who understands your unique perspective on the world. 30.Altruism : Behavior which takes account of the interest of others usually treated as in opposition to egoism, selfishness, and individualism. Research seems to confirm that altruism is part of human nature. People do have regard to the interests and needs of

others, make sacrifices for theirchildren and even non-kin, and contribute to public goods. 31.Arrest: An arrest is the act of apprehending a person and taking them into custody, usually because they have been suspected of committing or planning a crime. An arrest does not include those events commonly described as “field interviews,” “field interrogation” or “temporary detentions” in any location, whether or not the officer considers the person under arrest during some part of the episode. 32.Arrest able offence: A crime for which a person may be arrested without a warrant being needed 33.Assaults: An assault is the act of inflicting physical harm or unwanted physical contact upon a person or, in some specific legal definitions, a threat or attempt to commit such an action. It is both a crime and a tort and, therefore, may result in either criminal and/or civil liability. 34.Asset forfeiture: The authorized seizure of money, negotiable instruments, securities, or other things of value. In federal anti-drug laws: the authorization of judicial representatives to seize all moneys, negotiable instruments, securities, or other things of value furnished

39.Attempt: An act that is more than the planning of a crime, and due to its nature, is a substantial element of finally committing the crime. An attempt is a separate and distinct offense in and of itself. 40.Assassinations: The act to murder an important person specially for political reasons. 41.Allegations: A public statement that is made without giving proof, accusing, a statement that is made and declaring that something has happened without prove or evidence. 42.Advocates: A lawyer who has the right to argue case in higher courts 43.Adultery: Adultery is extramarital sex that is considered objectionable on social, religious, moral, or legal grounds. 44.Adjudications: A formal judgment or decision given by the court, in proceedings for bankruptcy an adjudication orders declares the debtors bankruptcy so that he becomes subject disability attaching to that status. 45.Accusations: A statute saying that you think a person is guilty of doing something wrong especially of committing a crime. 46.Arraignment: The appearance of a person before the court in order that the court may be informed of the accusation(s) against him/her and the person may enter a plea. The meaning of arraignment varies

among jurisdictions. An arraignment may extend over several appearances and in some cases may include a reading of the formal charges, advising the appearances and in some cases may include a reading of the formal charges, advising the defendant of his/her rights, appointment counsel, entering a plea and other actions. 47.Aggression: Aggression is overt, often harmful, social interaction with the intention of inflicting damage or other unpleasantness upon another individual. It may occur either in retaliation or without provocation. In humans, frustration due top blocked goals can cause aggression. 48.Abiding: The act of conformity to a certain rules and regulations. 49.Attrition: Attrition in criminal justice refers to the number of crimes that are committed and the number that end with the perpetrator of the offence being convicted. This gap occurs because there are a number of stages in the criminal justice process and crimes are weeded out at each stage so that the number of convictions represents only a small proportion of crime that has been committed. 50.Assault: When someone threatens another person with physical harm. Words on their own do not amount to assault but threatening gestures do, even if the person threatened is not touché,