Download Fallacies and Analogies in Argumentation: A Guide to Critical Thinking and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
illustrative |analogy |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔-intended |to |make |a |point |or |illustrate |a |concept
- helps |us |to |understand |an |issue |at |hand, |but |it |doesn't |establish |a |further |point "Life |is |like |a |box |of |chocolates- |You |never |know |what |you're |going |to |get" |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔illustrative |analogy |(pointing |out |one |interesting |similarity |between | 2 |things...cannot |be |used |to |further |connections) argumentative |analogies |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔-intended |to |ground |conclusions
- not |just |fleshing |out |an |idea; |we |are |actually |asserting |that |one |thing |is |true |on |the |basis |of |the |comparison |or |similarity
- we |are |making |an |argument "My |Intro |to |Philosophy |class |was |very |challenging, |and |I |took |it |with |Professor |Russell. |I'll |bet |that |the |Logic |class |he |is |teaching |will |be |very |challenging, |too" |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔argumentative |analogy primary |analog |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔of |the |two |things |compared |in |an |analogy, |the |one |which |is |known |to |have |the |property |in |question secondary |analog |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔of |the |two |things |compared |in |an |analogy, |the |one |which |is |concluded |to |have |the |property |in |question "My |Intro |to |Philosophy |class |was |challenging. |The |professor |for |my |Logic |class |is |the |same |as |my |Intro |to |Philosophy |class. |Therefore, |my |Logic |class |will |be |challenging |as |well." |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔primary |analog: |Intro |to |Philosophy |class
secondary |analog: |Logic |class disanalogy |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔a |difference |between |the |primary |and |secondary |analogs the |more |_____ |the |conclusion, |the |weaker |the |argument |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔specific weak |analogy |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔a |fallacy |which |occurs |whenever |an |analogy |fails |to |support |its |conclusion...anytime |an |argument |relies |on |an |analogy |where |the |information |given |is |insufficient |to |ground |the |conclusion conflation |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔treating |two |dissimilar |ideas |or |issues |as |if |they |were |the |same inductive |generalization |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔an |argument |which |draws |a |conclusion |about |a |group |based |on |a |sample |of |that |group hasty |generalization |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔a |fallacy |which |occurs |whenever |the |sample |in |an |inductive |generalization |is |too |small |to |support |the |conclusion biased |generalization |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔a |fallacy |which |occurs |whenever |the |sample |in |an |inductive |generalization |does |not |represent |the |target |population |well causal |arguments |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔an |argument |which |concludes |that |one |thing |is |the |cause |of |another, |or |which |uses |a |cause |to |ground |a |conclusion Post |Hoc |Ergo |Propter |Hoc |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔fallacy |which |concludes |that |one |thing |is |the |cause |of |the |other |simply |because |the |one |follows |the |other
oversimplifying |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔drawing |conclusions |from |oversimplified |ideas rationalizing |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔justifying |a |behavior |(reasoning |in |reverse) |(robbing |a |store |because |the |owners |have |a |lot |of |money) confirmation |bias |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔we |tend |to |remember |and |made |use |of |confirming |instances, |and |reject |or |forget |disconfirming |ones |(every |time |you |wash |your |car |it |rains...it |doesn't...we |just |better |remember |the |times |when |it |does |rain) fadophilia |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔someone |is |obsessed |with |fads, |jumps |on |board |with |anything |new |or |different |without |trying |to |ascertain |whether |there |are |good |reasons |for |making |the |change complex |questions |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Have |you |stopped |cheating |on |exams? euphemisms |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔word |or |phrase |used |in |place |of |another, |where |the |replacement |has |a |nicer |"ring" |to |it dysphemisms |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔word |or |phrase |with |a |more |negative |connotation innuendo |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔when |someone |says |one |thing, |but |people |will |take |what |they |have |said |to |mean |something |else hyperbole |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔overblown |exaggeration persuasive |definitions |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔using |a |different |definition |than |the |one |usually |given |to |communicate
- abortion: |murder |of |an |innocent |fetus |for |the |crime |of |being |created; |the |right |of |every |woman |to |have |control |over |her |own |body proof |surrogate |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔people |believe |something |is |only |true |if |a |study |says |it |is |true....unless |a |study |says |something, |then |it |can't |be |true apple |polishing |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔stroking |someone's |ego, |buttering |someone |up misleading |statistics |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔400,000 |people |die |from |smoking |related |illness...people |included |in |this |sample |got |disease |from |smoking |and |some |didn't fallacy |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔a |characteristic |pattern |of |faulty |reasoning |which |is |often |deceptively |persuasive argumentative |fallacy |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔a |fallacy |which |generally |occurs |in |a |single |argument; |only |one |arguer |is |required inappropriate |appeal |to |emotion |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔(pity, |pride, |anger, |resentment, |guilt, |fear, |force)...we |pity |student |who |feels |bad |about |doing |poorly |on |exam, |but |we |don't |change |his |grade
- appeal |to |fear...slippery |slope |fallacy |sometimes inappropriate |appeal |to |tradition |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔doing |something |because |that's |how |they |have |always |done |it. |"I |don't |think |we |should |invest |in |only |one |company. |In |the |past, |we've |always |invested |in |a |lot |of |different |companies" inappropriate |appeal |to |tolerance |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔"You |wouldn't |want |other |people |to |impose |their |cultural |views |on |you. |So |if |a |Christian |wants |to |discriminate |against |a |homosexual, |he |should |be |allowed |to |do |so."
red |herring |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔meant |to |distract |the |reader non |sequitur/ |jumping |to |conclusions |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔conclusion |which |simply |doesn't |follow |from |given |premise accent |(ambiguity) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔someone |mistakenly |infers |conclusion |because |of |the |way |the |information |is |presented |and |the |emphasis |placed |on |parts |of |it. |quote |taken |out |of |context. equivocation |(ambiguity) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔semantic |ambiguity amphiboly |(ambiguity) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔ambiguity |in |sentence |structure |or |grammar composition |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔transfers |a |property |from |the |parts |of |a |thing |to |the |whole |thing |for |a |property |which |does |not |transfer |in |this |way. |"I |like |tomatoes |and |I |like |ice |cream, |and |therefore, |I |would |like |tomatoes |on |top |of |my |ice |cream" division |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔one |concludes |something |about |the |parts |of |a |thing, |based |upon |a |property |of |the |entire |thing |as |a |whole. |"A |person |must |be |over | 300 |years |old |because |he |belongs |to |a |group |that |is |over | 300 |years |old." disputational |fallacy |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔a |fallacy |which |generally |occurs |in |a |dispute; |multiple |arguers |are |required ad |hominem |abusive |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔straightforward |attack |on |person's |intelligence |or |character
ad |hominem |circumstantial |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔attack |on |person...their |viewpoints |are |mistaken |because |of |the |person's |circumstances |or |situation A: |"I |think |Fidel |Castro |should |release |all |of |Cuba's |political |prisoners" B: |"I |think |you're |an |idiot" |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔ad |hominem |abusive A: |"I |think |that |women |should |be |paid |just |the |same |as |men" B: |"You |would |think |that |way; |you're |a |woman" |(using |the |fact |that |she |is |a |woman |to |dismiss |her |viewpoint) |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔ad |hominem |circumstantial tu |quoque |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔pointing |out |an |opponent's |hypocrisy |as |if |one |is |providing |reasons |in |support |of |one's |position |(someone's |hypocrisy, |inconsistency, |or |switching |their |position |should |not |be |used |as |evidence |for |or |against |the |issue) poisoning |the |well |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔ad |hominem |in |advance..personally |attacking |a |person |before |they |have |even |opened |their |mouths. |(You |said |that |you've |just |subscribed |to |a |newspaper. |then |someone |says |"Don't |read |that |tabloid |piece |of |junk". genetic |fallacy |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔to |reject |a |view |because |of |where |it |originated |(rely |on |pre-existing |negative |attitude, |whereas |in |ad |hominem, |one |is |attempting |to |create |the |negative |attitude) "We |should |stop |trying |to |confiscate |people's |guns; |that's |what |the |Nazi's |did!" |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔genetic |fallacy |(we |don't |need |to |drag |the |nazis |into |it |to |make |our |case) straw |man |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔like |a |scarecrow, |or |dummy...easy |to |beat |on |and |win. |a |distorted |version |of |an |opponent's |argument, |one |which |is |easier |to |defeat. |stating |opponents |argument |in |simplified, |exaggerated, |or |extreme |way, |so |that |it |sounds |ridiculous |or |insane.
"I |was |going |to |study |philosophy, |but |I |don't |want |to |be |a |teacher" |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔false |dilemma Either |A |or |B, | A |is |false, Thus, |B |is |true. |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔false |dilemma |structure "The |argument |is |valid, |because |if |the |premises |are |true |then |the |conclusion |would |have |to |be |true" |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔begging |the |question |(repetition) "Del |said |the |movie |was |good, |but |I |don't |believe |it. |He |once |cheated |on |an |arithmetic |exam" |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔ad |hominem |abusive "Del |is |an |arrogant |jerk. |He |only |thinks |about |himself |and |his |breath |smells |too" |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔NOT |ad |hominem...no |argument |in |place "Del |said |the |movie |was |good, |but |I |don't |believe |it. |He |works |for |the |company |that |released |it" |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔ad |hominem |circumstantial "J |said |we |should |raise |taxes |on |the |rich |to |balance |the |budget. |But |what |do |you |expect? |He's |a |democrat" |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔ad |hominem |circumstantial "My |stock |broker |said |I |should |put |most |of |my |money |in |bonds, |but |I |saw |his |portfolio, |and |it's |all |in |emerging |market |funds. |I'm |going |to |put |all |my |bonds |in |an |emerging |market |fund" |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔tu |quoque "Don't |ever |listen |to |a |philosophy |professor |again. |Almost |all |of |them |are |atheists |who |think |right |and |wrong |are |simply |matters |of |convention" |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔poisoning |the |well |(assumes |you |will |take |a |philosophy |class)
