CROP PRODUCTION GUIDE
HORTICULTURE CROPS
2020
Directorate of Horticulture and Plantation Crops
Chepauk, Chennai - 600 005
&
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Coimbatore - 641 003
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CROP PRODUCTION GUIDE
HORTICULTURE CROPS
Directorate of Horticulture and Plantation Crops
Chepauk, Chennai - 600 005
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Coimbatore - 641 003
S.No. Crop Page No.
19. Part VII – Particulars on Improved varieties of
Horticultural Crops
20. Part VIII – Drip Irrigation for Fruit Crops 299
21. Part IX – Organic Cultural Practices 300
22. Part X – Protected Cultivation of Vegetables
(for information)
23. Part XI – Seed Production Technology of Horticultural Crops 303
24. Part XII – Important Plant Nutrients, their Deficiency
symptoms and Remedial Measures
25. Part XIII – Mushroom Cultivation 336
26. Part XIV – Season of Flowering and Fruting of Fruit Crops 344
27. Part XV – Chemical and Commerical Names of Insecticides
and Nematicides
29. Part XVII – Weed Management and Herbicides usage in
Horticultural Crops
30. Part XVIII – Cultural Tips for F 1 Hybrid Vegetables 364
31. Part XIX – Farm Implements for Horticultural Crops 371
32. Part XX – Food Processing Technologies 392
33. Part XXI – Soil Test Crop Response based Integrated Plant
Nutrition System for Horticultural Crops
(STCR-IPNS)
34. Part XXII – Appendicies 405
Shri Gagandeep Singh Bedi, IAS Agricultural Production Commissioner & Principal Secretary Government of Tamil Nadu Secretariat, Agricultural Department, Chennai - 600 009
PREFACE
The Indian Horticulture has grown exponentially over the years and the fruits and vegetable production has surpassed the food grain production of the country and reached the all time high of 315 million tonnes during 2018-19 which is the second largest next to China. Such a phenomenal achievement is made possible amidst a bundle of constraints such as declining per capita arable land availability, occurrence of regular droughts, low soil organic carbon, multi-nutrient deficiencies besides people quitting farming.
The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, plays a role in developing improved crop varieties and hybrids in fruits, vegetables, spices & plantation crops, medicinal crops besides flowers, technologies and farm mechanization. The varieties and technologies are well received by farmers across the country and TNAU serves as the torch bearer of cutting edge technologies like nanotechnologies for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. The technology package deserves continued revision and update to ensure recent technologies are infused for adoption. In this context, the TNAU under the dynamic leadership of the Vice Chancellor, Director of Research and other technical directors, the “ Crop Production Guide (CPG) – Horticulture 2020 ” was updated and ready for adoption by the farmers of the State of Tamil Nadu.
The CPG - Horticulture 2020 carries complete package of practices of crops including varieties / hybrids, management techniques & technologies, protected cultivation of crops, drip fertigation, nematode management, integrated weed management practices, technology capsule for pests and diseases management, labour saving farm machineries and post-harvest management practices.
I take this opportunity to thank the Vice Chancellor, Director of Horticulture and Plantation Crops, Director of Research, Dean (Horticulture) other Technical Directors and Department officials for their tireless efforts to bring out the document that serve as the base for the growth and development of horticulture and allied sectors in the State of Tamil Nadu.
(Gagandeep Singh Bedi)
Dr. N. Kumar, Ph.D.,
Vice Chancellor
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Coimbatore 641 003
PREFACE
The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, is known for its innovation to develop crop varieties, technologies and farm implements to enhance farm productivity and profitability. The TNAU has a well articulated and structured research framework to develop varieties and technologies to enable adoption by the farmers of the State. The growth of Horticulture in the State and the country has grown phenomenally increased that ensured nutritional security.
The Research Council, Annual Crop Scientists Meets and Scientific Workers Conference rigorously review and scout for the varieties or technologies to be recommended for adoption by the farmers of the State. Such a meticulous planning and execution help us in assembling basket of varieties and technologies that are packaged as the Crop Production Guide - Horticulture 2020. This covers the standard operational protocols for fruits, vegetables, spices & plantation crops, medicinal crops besides flowers with reference to varieties / hybrids, production technologies and farm mechanization.
The “ Crop Production Guide (CPG) – Horticulture 2020 ” was revised and updated involving the Directors and Deans in the university besides Department of Horticulture and Plantation Crops and Department officials. The Department and University is working very closely to resolve the unresolved field problems. Such network helped us to improve the CPG as a technology package suitable for the farmers of the Tamil Nadu State.
I take this opportunity to thank the Agricultural Production Commissioner & Principal Secretary to the Government, Director of Horticulture and Plantation Crops, Director of Research, Dean (Horticulture), other Technical Directors, and Department officials for their contribution towards the publication of the CPG - Horticulture 2020.
(N. KUMAR)
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Manures and Fertilizers (kg per tree)
Manures and Fertilizers
1 st^ Year Annual increase
6 th^ year onwards
FYM 10.00 10.00 50
N 0.20 0.20 1.
P 0.20 0.20 1.
K 0.30 0.30 1.
Manures and fertilizers may be applied during September – October, 45 – 90 cm away from the trunk upto the peripheral leaf tip and incorporated.
Fertigation Schedule for mango.
Minimum number of Fertigation dose for all stages are Nutrient After Harvest (June- Aug)
Pre flowering (Sept-Oct )
Flowering to Fruit set (Dec-Jan)
Fruiting Total
N 25 % 40% 20% 15% 100%
P 40% 30% 20% 10% 100%
K 25% 20% 25% 30% 100%
Fertigation technology under HDP Apply 1.0:0.5:1.0 kg of NPK / bearing tree / year under HDP through drip fertigation adopting the following schedule:
Nutrient
Stage of application * Immediately after harvest (2 months)
Pre- flowering (2 months)
Flowering to fruit set (2 months)
Fruit development (4 months)
Total
N 25 % 40 % 20 % 15 % 100 %
P 50 % 30 % 20 % - 100 %
K 25 % 20 % 25 % 30 % 100 %
- At each stage, the above schedule has to be split into six or more doses and applied at weekly intervals
- Avoid irrigation and fertigation for 30 days for induction of stress before flowering season; resume as soon as flowering commences.
Fertilizer recommendation for UHDP Mango planted in normal soil
Age Fertilizer g tree- 1
FYM
kg tree- 1 N P K 1st year 35 15 25 5 2nd year 45 25 50 5 3rd year 75 50 75 10 4th year onwards 120 75 100 15
3
Fertigation schedule for UHDP Mango (to be applied at weekly interval)
Fertigation Schedule and Quantity (kg-^1 dose-^1 acre-^1 ) Age (Year) Month No. of Doses
Urea H 3 PO 4 MOP MgSO 4
1 July-Sep 12 1.4 0.5 0.8 0. Jan-May 20 1.7 0.6 0.9 0. 2 July-Sep 12 2.7 1.2 2.3 0.
Jan-May 20 1.6 0.7 1.4 0. 15 June- Aug
3 Sept 4 1.4 1.2 3.1 0. Jan-May 20 3.2 1.2 1.5 0. 15 June- Aug
4 Sept 4 2.2 1.7 4.2 0. Jan-March 12 5.1 1.7 3.2 0. (Source: Jain irrigation systems, Udumalpet)
Canopy management Remove rootstock sprouts and low lying branches nearer to ground to facilitate easy cultural operations. Remove overlapping, intercrossing, diseased, dried and weak branches in old trees to get good sunlight and aeration. Carry out judicious pruning of the internal branches during August – September, once in three years. Do not allow flowering upto three years by removing the inflorescences as and when they appear. Retain two healthy shoots by trimming away the weak shoots among the crowded terminal shoots during August- September annually. Prune back 20 cm of annual growth of the terminals immediately after harvest.
Top working of senile orchards for rejuvenation Use scions of choice varieties like Alphonso and Banganapalli for top working. Behead the trees to be top worked during July- August leaving the main trunk at a convenient height and allow for new shoots to develop. Adopt cleft method of grafting or softwood grafting on the emerging shoots from the cut end of the main stem during September- October.
Growth regulators Spray NAA @ 20 ppm at flowering to increase the fruit set and retention. During February 0.5% Urea (5 g / lit.) or 1% Potassium nitrate (10 g / lit.) may be sprayed to induce flowering, if trees do not flower by that time. Spray 2% KNO 3 at mustard size to increase fruit size and retention of fruits. Spray 2 % sulphate of potash at pea stage and 15 days after to improve yield and quality. During off year Paclobutrazol @ 0.75 g a.i. per metre of canopy radius in full bearing tree during first fortnight of September to get maximum number of fruits and yield.
Off-season crop induction This technology is recommended only for irrigated conditions to shift production from on- season to off- season. To induce off-season flowering , heading back of 10 cm terminal growth after the emergence of new growth (vegetative and floral growth) during December - January along with soil application of Paclobutrazol @ 0.75g a.i. per tree during March - April is recommended for mango cv.Neelum. Keeping good soil moisture conditions and nutrient health status of the plant are very important when Pacloburazol application is resorted.
5
Diseases Powdery mildew Spray wettable sulphur @ 0.2%
CIB recommendation Spray c arbendazim 46.27% SC @ 1 ml/l or hexaconazole 5% EC @ 1 ml/l or hexaconazole 5% SC @ 2 ml/l
Anthracnose and Stalk end-rot Spray mancozeb @ 2 g/l or carbendazim @ 1 g/l or thiophanate methyl @ 1 g/l or chlorothalonil @ 2 g/l as pre-harvest spray, three times at 15 days interval or spray Pseudomonas fluorescens immediately after flowering @ 5 g/ l five times at 21 days interval CIB recommendation for anthracnose Spray copper oxychloride 50% WG @ 2.4 g/l
CIB recommendation for combined infection of anthracnose and powdery mildew Spray azoxystrobin 23% SC @ 1ml/l or carbendazim1.92%+mancozeb10.08%GR @1.5g/l or tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.75-1 g/l
Sooty mould Spray maida 5% (1 kg maida or starch) boiled with 1 l of water and diluted to 20 l. Avoid spraying during cloudy weather
Harvest Season: March to June.
Harvest Yield varies with varieties and spacing adopted. 8 -10 t / ha upto 15 years; 15-20 t / ha from 15-20 years.
Post harvest treatment
Dip the fruits in 52
o ± 1oC hot water immediately after harvest for 5 minutes followed by 8% plant wax (Fruitox or Waxol) to reduce anthracnose disease in mango during storage.Two pre-harvest sprays of 0.2% Mancozeb (2.0 g / lit) will also reduce the incidence.
Waiting Period Methyl demeton 0.05% - 14 days Fenthion 0.05% - 14 days Quinalphos 0.05 - 12 days
Enhanced Preservation of Fruits using Nanotechnology a. Enhanced freshness formulation for pre-harvest spray and post-harvest dip b. Hexanal loaded nano stickers c. Hexanal loaded nano pellets
Pre-harvest spray for mango and other fruits Dilute 20 ml of fruity fresh formulation in one litre of water or 200 ml of fruity fresh in 10 litre of water Spray over fruits and leaves when the fruits are at 60 – 70% maturity stage. For better results give one more spray after 10 days
6
The spray solution should be used on the same day and ensure that the entire tree foliage and fruits are soaked
Post-harvest dip for mango and other fruits Dilute 20 ml of fruity fresh formulation in one litre of water or 200 ml fruity fresh in 10 litre of water Dip fruits for five minutes in the diluted solution and dry the fruits before packing
Benefits of the fruity fresh TNAU fruity fresh spray can delay the harvest for two weeks in case of preharvest spray
Post-harvest dip in 2% TNAU fruity fresh extends the shelf life of fruits by two weeks in ambient storage condition and upto 4 weeks under cold storage
Market Information Growing Districts Krishnagiri, Vellore, Dindigul, Thiruvallur, Dharmapuri, Theni Major Markets in Tamil Nadu Theni, Dharmapuri, Salem, Tirunelveli. Preferred Varieties and Hybrids Banganapalli, Bangalora, Neelum, Rumani, Mulgoa, Alphonso, Totapuri Grade Specification Firmness, lack of decay / defects, uniformity of size and shape, skin color, flesh color and flavor Small - Less than 200 g Medium - 201 - 400 g Large - 401 - 600 g Extra-large - 601 - 800 g Export Market UAE, Kuwait and other Middle East countries.