Crop Injury in More Detail
•Crop Injury
–Tissue Injury
•Leaves
•Structural
•Roots
•Flowers and Fruiting/Reproductive Tissues
•General Systemic Injury
–Competition
•Water, Light, Nutrients
–Allelopathy
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Crop Injury: Types, Causes, and Identification, Slides of Pest Management
An in-depth analysis of crop injury, focusing on tissue injury to leaves, structural damage, and general systemic injury. It covers various forms of leaf injury such as abscission, bleaching, chlorosis, crinkling, cupping and curling, edge feeding, hole feeding, mines, mottling, necrosis, rolling, shothole, skeletonization, spots, stippling, windowpaning, galls, xylem injury, phloem injury, and interference with structural support. It also discusses structural tissue injury, root injury, and abnormal growth.
Typology: Slides
2012/2013
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Crop Injury in More Detail
• Crop Injury
– Tissue Injury
- Leaves
- Structural
- Roots
- Flowers and Fruiting/Reproductive Tissues
- General Systemic Injury
– Competition
- Water, Light, Nutrients
– Allelopathy
Abscission -- Leaf prematurely dropped by the plant, often while still green.
Chlorosis Leaf tissue loses its chlorophyll and turns yellow. May occur in spots.
Chlorosis in soybeans. Individual leaves (left) and at the field level (right).
Crinkling Leaf takes on a crinkled texture. Usually associated with viruses or toxic effects of saliva from homopterous insects.
Crinkling may occur throughout the leaf (left) or may be confined to edges (right).
Edge Feeding Leaves chewed and eaten from the edges. Feeding lesions can have smooth or jagged edges. Usually caused by insects w/chewing mouthparts.
Leaf edge feeding on rhododendron leaves by adult black vine root weevils.
Hole Feeding Leaves have holes chewed through them. Caused by insects w/chewing mouthparts.
Yellow poplar weevil adult feeding on yellow poplar
Mottling Leaf is not uniform in color but is, instead, a mottled mixture of different shades of green to yellow.
Soybean leaf mottling caused by the Bean Pod Mottle Virus.
Necrosis Areas of dead tissue which usually sloughs off over time.
Necrosis simply means dead tissue and may occur in any pattern. Necrosis may be in spots (top left), on leaf margins (above), or follow leaf veins (bottom left). Other patterns are possible as well.
Shothole Small holes in a straight line across the leaf. Usually caused by insects that bore through the developing leaf when the un-emerged leaf is still rolled up in the plant’s whorl.
Skeletonization Leaf tissue between the veins is removed but the veins remain intact leaving a skeleton-like appearance.
Lindin leaf skeletonized by Japanese beetle. Note that the distal leaf tissue is relatively normal looking indicating that the leaf veins are fully functional.
Stippling Large numbers of tiny pin-prick feeding lesions cause by mites or other minute herbivores with piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Leaf stippling by leaf hoppers (sucking insect). Non-uniform pattern. Stippling = dead cells surrounding feeding puncture.
Windowpaning One side of the leaf is scrapped off leaving the other side intact and translucent. This gives the feeding lesion a window-like appearance. Primarily caused by some young beetle and moth larvae.
Cereal leaf beetle windowpaning on wheat (left); European corn borer windowpaning on corn (right).
Galls
Western gall rust on Ponderosa pine branch
Soybean roots with galls from root knot nematode (right) vs. healthy root (left).
Galls on oak leaves from cynipid wasps
Olive knot gall (caused by Pseudmomonas bacteria) on olive main trunk
Can occur on all tissues; leaves, stems/trunks, branches, roots, etc. Ash flower galls caused by a mite
Structural Tissue Injury -- Xylem
Many insects, such as the squash vine borer feed on xylem tissue.
Tomato wilt is caused by fungi in the genus Fusarium which plugs xylem tissue preventing water/mineral transport.