Download CST 229 Intercultural Communication Exam 1 / NVCC 2025 Full Exam Questions Verified and more Exams Religion in PDF only on Docsity!
CST 229 Intercultural Communication Exam 1 / NVCC 2025 Full
Exam Questions with Verified and Updated Correct Answers
Northern Virginia Community College
Mastering (Sensing-Thinking) Learners tend to be realistic, practical, and matter-of-fact. They are efficient and results oriented, preferring activity to words and participation to theory Religion as Worldview all societies have spiritual beliefs and practices (generally referred to as religion). Secularism as worldview A historical idea of secularism has been a part of the human experience for as long as people have been concerned with questions about the meaning of life and explanations about death. Spirituality as worldview •Differentiates 'faith' from 'religion' or 'religious doctrine' •Individually felt and expressed •Self-discovery and focus on the sacred uncertainty avoidance A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them. power distance a value orientation that refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a culture expect and accept an unequal distribution of power Individulism giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications Collectivism giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly high-context culture people rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when communicating with others linear model of communication theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver, who then decodes that message
culture specific skills The use of specific skills that have been shown to be useful or effective in working with specific cultural groups. intercultural empathy imaginatively placing yourself in another person's cultural world and attempting to experience what he or she is experiencing practice listening Read up on cultural identity a feeling of belonging to a group that shares the same culture, or way of life identity negotiation refers to the processes through which people reach agreements regarding "who is who" in their relationships. Once these agreements are reached, people are expected to remain faithful to the identities they have agreed to assume. The process of identity negotiation thus establishes what people can expect of one another. Identity negotiation thus provides the interpersonal "glue" that holds relationships together. Cultural Sensitivity being aware that cultural differences exist and have an effect on values, learning, and behavior. attribution error error made in attributing the causes for someone's behavior to their membership in a particular group, such as a racial group social identity the part of the self-concept including one's view of self as a member of a particular social category gender identity the individual's sense of being male or female Ethnicity ethnic identity is derived from a sense of shared heritage, history, traditions, values, similar behaviors, area of origin, and in some instances language" ethnic identity the aspect of individuals' sense of identity concerning ancestry or racial group membership regional identity identification with a specific geographic region of a nation Organizational identity
- Collectiveism/Individualism low-context culture a culture in which verbal communication is expected to be explicit and is often interpreted literally physiological noise biological influences on reception of message Phychological noise mental interference in speaker or listener and includes preconceived ideas, wandering thoughts, biases and prejudices, closed-mindedness, and extreme emotionalism Ethics The moral demention the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions Sterotyping the process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong Uncertainty Reduction Theory a theory suggesting that people are motivated to reduce their uncertainty about others implicit personality theory a system of rules that tells you which characteristics go with which other characteristics. We are more likely to act or communicate in a certain way when we "fit into" a mold of a larger makeup. self-fulling prophecies acting in a way that other people expect us to act Perceptions Perception is the means by which we make sense of our physical and social world. Elderspeak a style of communication used with an older person who seems to be physically impaired, involving speaking loudly and with slow, exaggerated pronunciation, as if talking to a baby Communication is symbolic symbols, verbal or nonverbal are the basis of language communication is Interpretive influenced by one's experiences, needs, wants, values, beliefs, expectations, physical and emotional states, etc. One's rules, schemata, scripts, and gender influence interpretation Communication is transactional simultaneous sending and receiving messages
- explains how people can be both speaker and listener Communication is Contextual ____ is the setting in which communication encounters occur, including what precedes and follows what is said. _____ include the physical, social, historical, psychological, and cultural circumstances that surround a communication episode. communication involves shared meanings Meanings include the thoughts in one person's mind as well as interpretations one makes of another's message. Communication as action The communication as action model makes us think of communication as a one- way process. from the sender to the receiver.The action model starts with a source.To convey the idea, the sender encodes it by putting the idea into the form of language or a gesture. Communication as interaction the interaction model is characterized by sender to receiver and this time feedback from the receiver. Communication as transaction Unlike the action and interaction models, the transaction model of communica- tion does not distinguish between the roles of source and receiver. Not only does the transaction model reflect the complex nature of communication, but it also leads us to think about context. It suggests that communication is affected not only by the physical or psychological environment, but also by our culture, experience, gender, and social class. In the transaction model, there is simultaneous exchange of messages and meaning through the back and forth process. Instead of communication or two- way interaction, the roles of sender and receiver are interchangeable. The sender can become the receiver, and the receiver can become the sender. Components of the Perception Process Three components are involved in interpretation of reality: the attributive, the expectative, and the affective. The attributive component consists of those characteristics we attribute to the person or object or event. The expectative component consists of the expectations we have of the things we perceive.The feelings about and people we perceive are the affective component of perception. physical context A communication encounter's location, environmental conditions (temperature, lighting, noise level) distance between communicators, seating arrangements and time of day. temporal context of communication time of day, time of history in which communication happens as well as how the message fits into the sequence of communication events social psychological context the social context is the expectations about behaviors within specific settings cultural context of communication
family communication standards encourage behaviors that are associated with satisfying relationships, such as being open or supportive and holding such standards with greater relationship satisfaction. Family is essential to understand, as it serves a component of nourishment in developing self-concept and identity. First relationship. forms of family nuclear, extended Functions of the family
- Reproduction
- Teaching economic Values
- Socialization
- Teaching core values and Worldview
- Identity Development
- Communication Training Family roles parts individuals play in repetitive family interaction patterns family rituals traditions, reinforce family values, provide belonging, unique rituals, promote communication Family stories Sense of history; What family expects of one another; Connection with different generations. family secrets Family secrets are what families consider private and not appropriate for sharing with outsiders, such as: Religious practices Health and legal issues Family conflicts Financial matters FIRO model aids in understanding and predicting how high-performance teams would work together (inclusion, control, and openness) Inclusion our need to be with others and our need for social contact. We like to feel that others accept and value us, and we want to feel like a full partner in a relationship control
our need to feel that we are capable and responsible, and that we are able to deal with and manage our environment.We also like to feel we can influence others. Control deals with our need to establish and maintain satisfactory levels of influence and power in our relationships Openess part of fire model of communication Magicoreligious This approach views health and illness as closely linked to supernatural forces. holistic approach humans desire to maintain a sense of harmony with the forces of nature. Illness is explained in systemic terms and occurs when the organs of the body are out of balance with some aspect of nature.There is thus a great emphasis on the preven- tion of illness by maintaining a sense of balance and good health. Good health includes one's relationship to the larger social, political, and environmental circumstances. biomedical approach people are thought to be controlled by biochemical forces. Good health is achieved by knowing which biochemical reactions to set in motion.Treatments are provided by doctors and nurses who fix the biochem- ical problem, thus making the body healthy again. learning preferences defined as the way in which individuals like to receive and process information. Understanding (Intuitive-Thinking) learners are theoretical, intellectual, and knowledge-oriented. They enjoy being challenged intellectually and figuring things out for themselves. They are curious about ideas, have a tolerance for theory, enjoy complex problems, and are concerned about long-range consequences. Self-Expressive (Intuitive-Feeling) Learners curious, insightful, and imaginative. They are people who dare to dream, are committed to their values, are open to investigating alternatives, and are constantly searching for new and atypical ways to express themselves. Interpersonal (Sensing-Feeling) learners are social, friendly, and interpersonally directed. They are sensitive both to their own and to other people's feelings. Need to see the reason behind learning to be interested in it. Globalization Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope. Listening Listening is the process of making sense out of what we hear. Listening is an active process of receiving, processing, and interpreting aural stimuli.
selective listening when we attend to some parts of a message and ignore others. It's not possible to select and attend to all stimuli from the environment; our fast- paced and technologically oriented society causes us to be bombarded with informa- tion.Therefore, we sometimes fail to perceive parts of messages that don't interest us, make us uncomfortable, or conflict with our opinions. active listening Active listening involves verbal and nonverbal responses to others that let them know we are paying attention and taking responsibility for understanding their meanings. civil listening keeping an open mind when listening and treating others as equals even if we dislike their opinions Receiving Verbal and/or Nonverbal Messages involves selecting verbal or nonverbal stimuli from the environment and attending to the stimuli. involves hearing; at other times, we receive messages through the visual channel. reduc- ing or eliminating distractions, refraining from making judgments before hearing someone out, and recognizing our propensity to engage in selective listening. interpreting verbal and nonverbal messages concerns attaching meaning to the messages we listen to. Our ability to interpret messages is influenced by our ability to engage in critical thinking and by how well we can remember messages. Responding to verbal and non verbal messages Active listening involves verbal and nonverbal responses to others that let them know we are paying attention and taking responsibility for understanding their meanings. Chunking organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically Chunking is the grouping of bits of information according to a mutual relationship. ordering Ordering is the arranging of bits of information into a systematic sequence. reordering Reordering is the changing of an existing system of organizing information so that a new or different sequence is developed. conflict Conflict is a disagreement between or among connected individuals and occurs in every relationship defensive climate
- Evaluation, judging, and criticizing other group members
- Control: imposing the will of one group member on the others
- Strategy: using hidden agendas
- Neutrality: demonstrating indifference and lack of commitment
- Superiority: expressing dominance
- Certainty: being rigid in one's willingness to listen to others supportive climate a communication situation in which a person feels he or she can speak freely without risk of harm
- Description: presenting ideas or opinions
- Problem orientation: focusing attention on the task • Spontaneity: communicating openly and honestly • Empathy: understanding another person's thoughts • Equality: asking for opinions
- Provisional: expressing a willingness to listen to the ideas of others affective conflict when individuals become aware that their feelings and emotions are incompatible. For example, suppose someone finds that his or her romantic love for a close friend is not reciprocated. The disagreement over their different levels of affection causes conflict. value conflict a type of conflict that results from differing opinions on subjects that relate to personal values and issues of right or wrong goal conflict occurs when a subsystem is inconsistent with the goals of another subsystem or with the system as a whole kitchen-sinking combatants hurl insults and accusations at each other that have little to do with the original disagreement Monologuing incessant talking, a verbosity that tolerates no real feedback. Conflict Management Styles avoiding, accommodating, competing, compromising, collaborating Avoidance I lose, you lose. n this case, you have little concern for the relationship; and if the conflict impinges only slightly on your personal goals, your style might very well be a low-profile one. You can take or leave your boss as a friend, and it's a short-term relationship anyway. You are aware that he or she has matrimonial problems, which you feel may be hurting his or her effectiveness as a supervisor, but they don't particularly affect your personal goals in
rationalization defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions a less painful explanation or alibi for unacceptable behavior. The classic example is Aesop's fable of the fox and the grapes. After repeated leaps at the succulent, hanging grapes, the defeated, frustrated fox remarks that they are sour grapes anyway. "Sour grapes" has become an idiom for rationalization. compensation the process of substituting one goal-seeking pattern of behavior for another pattern that has been frustrated projection disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others Repression Defense mechanism by which anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings are forced to the unconscious. Regression psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile contraposition a mechanism whereby repressed desires are replaced by their direct opposites. This mechanism is demonstrated by the person who "protests too much." An example is the father who can't stand his mentally challenged stepson and unconsciously wishes to be rid of him, but expresses this negative wish through lavish gifts and unusual concern for the child's well-being. Tit for Tat (TFT) A bargaining strategy that begins with cooperation, but then imitates the other person's choice so that cooperation is met with cooperation and competition with competition. Reformed Sinner Strategy Initially competes or acts tough, then cooperates and relaxes demands. Positional Bargaining Someone using the reformed sinner strategy initially competes or acts tough, then cooperates and relaxes demands.The inducement to cooperate is a demonstrated willingness to compete if necessary. Unlike tit-for-tat, you try to break a conflict spiral by making the first move toward cooperation. principled negotiation a procedure that helps group members negotiate consensus by collaboration through the expression of each differing need and a search for alternatives to meet those needs
People: Separate the people from the problem. Interests: Focus on interests, not positions. Options: Generate a variety of possibilities before deciding what to do. Criteria: Insist that the result be based on some objective standards.
