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OVERVIEW
The period between 1300 and 1600 was a time
of great change in Europe. The renaissance, a
rebirth of learning and the arts, inspired a spirit
of
curiosity in many fields. Scholars began to
question ideas that had been accepted for
hundreds of years. Meanwhile, the religious
movement known as the reformation prompted
followers to challenge accepted ways of thinking
about God and salvation
While the reformation was taking place, another revolution in Europe thought had begun, one
that permanently changed how people viewed the physical world.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you must have:
- Discussed how the ideas postulated by Tycho Brahe, Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo
Galilei, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Francis Bacon, and Rene Descartes
- Identified different scientific revolution inventions still used today.
- Performed mini-laboratory activity on scientific method,
- Appreciate the importance of intellectuals behind the scientific revolution.
ENGAGE
Let’s get started!
I know for certain that you are familiar about crossword puzzles. As a start-up, supply the crossword
puzzle below by answering the questions that correspond to each number.
Scientific
Revolution
LESSO
ACROSS
4. Italian scientist made one of the first telescope.
- Authorities that question the Scientific Revolution.
- Created the heliocentric theory.
- Created the scientific Method.
- Calculated the Orbits of the Planets
DOWN
1. Laws of Motion and Mechanics
- Period where the New way of thinking came about.
- Ptolemy’s claim was in the center of the universe.
- The old belief about the universe.
- The closest object to earth in all of the solar system
EXPLAIN
TYCHO BRAHE: OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT
THEN: LATE 1500’s
The Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe was one of many early scientists of the
scientific revolution, a time period between 1500 and 1700 when many scientists
discovered naturals laws and created processes to
test a theory
In 1572, he observed a supernova for nearly eight
months, and also the first recorded comet in
1577. In addition to observing and charting over
750 stars and heavenly bodies, Tycho’s greatest
contribution to science was his insistence in the
use of careful observation and very detailed,
accurate records on everything he did. He also
created the most rudimentary telescope to make
more accurate observations of the heavens. The
emphasis he placed on observations of the
heavens. The emphasis he placed on observation
and accurate records laid the base work for how
other theories and methods can be applied and
tested by future scientist. In that way, his contribution still affects modern
science.
NOW: OBSERVATIONS IN SPACE
Even today scientist still keep careful, accurate records when observing and
proving scientific theory. Kepler was Brahe’s assistant and later used Brahe’s
records of Mars movements to further his theories of planetary motion
Tycho’s Great Comet of 1577
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS: FATHER OF MODERN ASTRONOMY
THEN: THE FATHER OF MODERN ASTRONOMY DESBELIEVES IN
THE AUTHORITIES OF THE HEAVENS
Up until the 1500’s, everyone in Europe assumes that the ancient Greek philosophers
such as Ptolemy and Aristotle were the authorities on the universe. As the age of
exploration disproved some of their theories, people started to question what else was
inaccurate. Nicolaus Copernicus is considered the first man brave enough to not
only use logic and observation to do so, but to also publish the books that triggered
the scientific revolution.
This book was titled THE
REVOLUTION OF THE
CELESTIAL SPHERES and he
published it in 1543. He observed
that the earth-centered, or
geocentric, planet rotation theories
of Ptolemy that the catholic church
supported couldn’t be true because
the planets’ patterns in the sky
would be too complicated. Instead of
assuming the theories of the past
were correct and making his
observations fit them, he dared to
theorize a different possibility. He
considered the possibility of a sun
centered, or Heliocentric universe
model
To read more about Tycho Brahe,
scan the QR code using your
phone/internet browser.
That’s Random!
It’s recorded that Tycho
Brahe died of a Urinary Tract
Infection. He attended a
banquet of a Baron in
Prague, and didn’t use the
bathroom for fear of insulting
his host. This combinedhad
caused complications
FROM BARTER TO COINAGE
Galileo is perhaps one of the most well-known figures of the scientific revolution. He
created the first telescope that resembles what modern science uses today. Using it,
he observed craters in the Earth’s moon, and that Jupiter had its own moons. Galileo
did scientific experiments to test his theories of motions of objects, or mechanics. For
this reason, he is considered the father of experimental science.
Most importantly, Galileo found evidence that
backed up Copernicus’ Theory o
f the sun-centered
universe. He wrote a highly controversial book
called DIALOGUE OF THE TWO CHIEF WORLD
SYSTEMS in which a discussion between two
fictional characters about heliocentric theory and
geocentric universal system model was held. It
covertly pushed the Copernican Theory of the Sun-
centered system. This book lead to his trial by
catholic church for heresy , or a belief opposed to
the religious beliefs of the church. He tried to stay
true to his beliefs, but eventually he recanted them
when threatened with death.
To read more
about Galileo,
scan the QR code
using your
phone/internet
browser.
ISAAC NEWTON: MATH AND MOTION
THEN: A MATHEMATICIAN’S THEORIES
BECAME LAW
Almost 30 years after Galileo’s trial at the Catholic
church in Italy, the Scientific Revolution hit its golden
years in capable hands of an English
mathematician. Sir Isaac Newton reviewed all the
other research on mathematics, motion and space.
Then he made his own observations and notes.
Using them together, he created four theories that
have since then been proven and considered laws in
modern science. In addition to his theories, he wrote
a book titled PRINCIPIA MATIMACA and it was
published in1687. He also invented the complex
math called calculus, so scientists had formulas and
processes to logically solve advanced theories or
problems.
JOHANNES KEPLER: THE PLANET’S PATH
THEN: AN ASSISTANT BUILDS ON HIS
BOSS’S THEORIES
Tycho Brahe was given the island of Hven by King
Frederick II of Denmark, and as he set up his observatory,
he found an assistant. This assistant was the German
astronomer Johannes Kepler. Kepler dedicated his own
study time to the orbits of the planets. Up until this time,
Copernican theory that the planets move in circular orbits
around the sun was considered the most accurate theory.,
Orbits are the paths of heavenly bodies (suns, stars,
moons and planets) make around each other. However,
Kepler observed Mars closely and discovered that it moved
in elliptical, or oval orbit around the sun. This discovery not only confirmed Copernican
theory, but built upon it, and rocked the scientific revolution community.
In addition to his orbit deduction, Kepler also found that the closer to the sun a planet
was, the faster it moved. This Theory helped sir Isaac Newton with his laws of motion
in later years.
Lastly, Kepler also
discovered that the human
eye sees images reverse like
a camera lens. He toyed with
a newly-invented refractor
telescope and wondered how
light works within it to show
the heavens upside down. From there, he took the data he’d gathered and applied it
to the human eye. He also created an upgraded version of a telescope, called the
Keplarian Telescope. He also invented glasses for the near-and far-sighted
FRANCIS BACON: THE RIGHT STEPS IN THE RIGHT ORDER
THEN: SCIENCE
COULD EXPAND HUMAN
KNOWLEDGE INTO THE FUTURE
The many studies of the scientific
revolution piqued discover and
understand ed the interest of several
philosophers. One of them was an
English gentleman by the name of
Francis Bacon. He was fascinated with
how those scientists observed, studied
and theorized the natural laws. He said
that science should be approach
systematically and close
observation was the only way to find
the truth of all things. If done in this
way, he felt vehemently that scientific
research should be funded, and
requested that the king of England to
do so. He also wrote a book about approaching scientific research this way. THE
ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING was published in 1605
NOW: SCIENTIST STILL USE BACON’S SYSTEM
Later, scientist developed Bacon’s systematic approach with other philosophers’
suggestions into a procedure called “SCIENTIFIC METHOD” and it is still used in the
modern times. The scientific methods combine mathematics, observation, and logic
into six duplicable steps
visions and wrote a book about his optic research titled; ASTRONOMIAE PARS
OPTICA.
That’s Random!
A young Johannes Kepler
suffered from a horrible
infection of small pox. The
disease left him with weak
vision and crippled hands. Scan this QR
Code for more
learning video
THEN: DEDUCE FROM
DOUBT
Another major contributor to the
scientific revolution was the French
philosopher Rene Descartes. He
emphasizes that the past science and
knowledge should be doubted until
proven to be true rather than
accepted on faith. The highly
contradicted the way people of his
time and the church approached the
natural world. He took it a step
beyond the material experiments and
tests, and argued that even these
methods of collecting
data could trick senses. He said only clear thinking and logic could
offer proof of the truth Descartes also emphasized the belief that the
physical, natural world followed key physics and mathematical laws,
so only logic could work with them.
Descartes wrote a book called DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD ,
and he wrote it in French rather than in Latin so that all common
men and women could learn to think for themselves
NOW: HOW SLEUTHS and SCIENTIST USE LOGIC
Through a grander scale, the application of logic and reason
emphasized by Descartes is still in used in many fields of science. Detective and
criminal investigation work is especially good at utilizing reason and logic to find
the truth. Descartes “doubt until proven true” way of thinking is also used in
various steps of the scientific method.
CAN YOU GUESS WHAT THESE ARE?
Scan this QR Code
for more learning
video
That’s Random!
The famous line “I
think, Therefore, I am”
is a phrase Descartes
wrote as a statement
for individual existence
as a single irrefutable
truth.
In your own words, describe Descartes theory of how science shou ld be approach
EXTEND
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD: OH SNAP! A FINGER SNAP MINI
LABORATORY ACTIVITY
REVIEW SCIENTIFIC METHOD: Do not read the “DID YOU KNOW” upside down
information until the end!
- The question to analyze: What makes the noise when a person snaps his/her
fingers?
- Gather information about the question: Snap your fingers and write down what you
observe. Write at least three observations down.
- Theorize a hypothesis, or assumption about the question: After observing,
hypothesis how and at what point the noise is actually being made?
- Test the hypothesis by experimentation. Try isolating each action:
A. Try to snap your fingers so that your middle finger (2) does not
actually touch your palm. If this is too difficult you can use your
other hand to block the middle finger from making contact with
the palm.
B. Try snapping with your pointer (1)
C. Try snapping so that all other fingers are pointed up (5,4,3,2,
and 1)
D. Now, snap normally. Why is it loader?
- Record and analyze data on the experiment (record what your findings were from A,
B, C, and D).
- Draw Conclusions on what on what the experiment’s data revealed. What is actually
making the noise?
Now read the upside-down explanation. Were your observations correct?
After reading the “Physics Behind Finger Snapping” with the class analyze if
your observations were correct!
THE PHYSICS BEHIND THE FINGER SNAP
There are three components to the snapping finger sound:
(1) The "friction" or "sliding" sound between the third (middle) finger and the
thumb.
(2) The "impact" sound from the third finger colliding with a groove created by
contacting the fourth (ring) finger with the palm.
(3) The "pop" sound from the rapid compression and subsequent
decompression of air. The third "pop" sound is the most audible of the three
DID YOU KNOW???
ction” or “sliding” sound between the third (middle) finger and theThe “fri
thumb.
The “impact” sound from the third finger colliding with the groove created
by contracting the fourth (ring) finger with the palm.
The “pop” sound from the rapid compression and subs equent
decompression of air. The third “pop” sound is the most audible of the three
components because it is caused by a compression of air between the fast
moving second finger, the palm and the third finger. The second finger must
small portion of the top of the third finger in order to hit both the palm and a
get the full “snap” sound. If the second finger only hits the palm (like 4C of
the experiment), only the first two components will be heard and there will
ap” sound. This usually happens be a significant reduction in the total “sn
because the third finger is simply not in contact with the palm, but it can
also happen if the third finger doesn’t align properly with the striking point
s of the second finger. In this case, no part of the second finger land
anywhere on the top of the third finger and ends up only hitting the palm
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD: MINI LAB
OH SNAP! A FINGER SNAPPING MINI-LAB
- The question to analyze: What makes the noise when a person snaps
his/her fingers?
- Observations:
I.
II.
III.
- My hypothesis
4 and 5 - Test and record:
I.
II.
III.
IV
Conclusions:
Read information and decide if you were correct! How did your conclusion
differ?
EVALUATE
Tycho Brahe: Observation and Measurement
List three (3) of Tycho Brahe’s discoveries and contributions to modern astronomy.
Nicolaus Copernicus: Father of modern astronomy
1. Support with Evidence from the Text: Support the following sentence with
evidence in the form of a direct quote from the text: Nicolaus Copernicus is
considered the first man brave enough to use logic and observation to disprove
some classic Greek theories. Make sure to place the sentence chosen in quotes
when you write it down.
2. Would you be scared to publish your ideas if they were different from what most
people thought as Copernicus did? Why or why not?
Galileo Galilei
1. Which one of the Letters and Discoveries of Galileo is about the movement of
the Earth? How does he state theEarth moves?
