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CSU BMS 300 Exam 1 questions with
answers 2025
Water - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔H2O, molecular weight=18, oxygen is partial negative charge, hydrogen has slight positive charge. What is a dipole moment? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔difference in charge on two ends of a molecule Anions - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔negatively charged ions Cations - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔positively charged ions covalent bond - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons hydrogen bond - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom. osmosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔diffusion of water through aquaporins
diffusion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. hydrophilic - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔water loving, charged, polar Hydrophobic - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Water fearing, uncharged, nonpolar Lipids - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔fats, oils. hydrophobic Triglycerides - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔glycerol (3 carbon alcohol) + 3 fatty acids. use of esterbond esterbond - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Carbon-oxygen-fatty acid. uses dehydration amphipathic molecules - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions phosphate head group - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔region of phospholipid bilayer that is hydrophillic
secondary protein structure - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔hydrogen bonding. alpha helix or beta sheet. tertiary protein structure - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔3D structure of proteins determined by R groups. functioning proteins alpha helix - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure within helix beta pleated sheet - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the protein strand folds back and forth and has hydrogen bonding between adjacent strands. antiparallel beta sheet - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔neighboring hydrogen- bonded polypeptide chains run in opposite directions. NH-COOH and COOH- NH parallel beta sheet - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔all of the N-termini of successive strands are oriented in the same direction. NH-COOH and NH-COOH
R groups - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔groups that give different amino acids different properties. either hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Gives proteins their shape ATPase - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Adenosine triphosphate; enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP Adenosine diphosphate + inorganic phosphate through binding pocket and AA. converts chemical energy to mechanical energy. multipass transmembrane proteins - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Membrane protein in which the polypeptide chain crosses the lipid bilayer 4 times to create an ionchannel Central Dogma - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA -> RNA -> Protein. true for both eu and prokaryotes Prokaryote - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Eukaryote - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles RNA editing - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔unique to eukaryote cells. Happens in the nucleus.
Golgi apparatus - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins. Finishing process. Final modification. Sorted for final targets. Exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane. Endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane. Lysosomes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell. Bacteria will find their way to a lysosome through endocytosis Mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔double membrane. uses oxygen to generate ATP. Bacteria like RNA and DNA. DNA in mitochondria is circular. Passed down from the female. Cytoskeleton - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔composed of polymers of cytoplasmic proteins. Microtubules, F-Actin, G-Actin Microtubules - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure. Long distance transport
G-actin - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a globular subunit of F actin with an active site for binding a myosin head F-actin (actin filaments) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Filament Actin. A fibrous protein made of a long chain of G actin molecules twisted into a helix. binding to myosin. Local transport to plasma membrane. intermediate filament - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments Kinesin - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔+ end-directed motor protein on microtubules. ATPase Dynein - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"-" end-directed motor on microtubules. ATPase. Myosin - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"+" end-directed motor protein on F- Actin. ATPase. anterograde transport - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔movement down the axon away from cell body
leading strand - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔synthesized continuously. 3 to 5 prime lagging strand - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand each synthesized in a 5' to 3' RNA components - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ribose. Bases= adenine, guanine (purines) cytosine, uracil (pyrimidines) RNA structure - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔single stranded, can fold back on itself using base pairing and forms a 3D structure. enzymatic activities via binding pockets when folding RNA synthesis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔transcription from DNA using a start site in a gene. (TATA box) TATA box - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation. Promoter - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔base sequence in DNA to which a transcription factor binds
transcription factors - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔series of proteins to which RNA polymerase binds RNA polymerase - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and reads it and generates an RNA strand complementary to the DNA strand. reads 3 to 5 prime. types of RNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Messenger mRNA, Transfer tRNA, Ribosomal rRNA, Regulatory RNA Ribosomal RNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes. small and large ribosomal subunits. forms peptide bond Messenger RNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔encodes AA sequence via a 3- base set called codons Transfer RNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis. anti- codon PreRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Complementary to the DNA, but in Eukaryotes this will be edited to make a slightly different protein.
signal-recognition particle (SRP) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A protein- RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from the ribosome. SRP receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔embedded in the ER membrane, recognizes the SRP. forms the rough ER translocon - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The membrane channel through which polypeptide chains are transported into the endoplasmic reticulum. tissue - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔group of similar cells working together to perform a similar function tissue types - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous epithelium structure - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔contiguous (individual) cells organized into a continuous layer. forms surfaces and boundaries. epithelial cells attach to - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔basal lamina (extracelluar proteins)
two sides of epithelial cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔basilar (Attached to basal lamina) and apical (point into the lumen of the tube) epithelial cells divide - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔replacement through cell division. BUT cancer risk- carcinoma. stratified epithelium - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔several layers of cells simple epithelium - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔single layer of cells Mesothelial cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔form linings on the surface of organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities endothelial cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cells lining the blood vessels connective tissue types - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood/immune. all have in common- cells are widely scattered and separated from one another. fibrocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔found in all connective tissue proper. ligament, tendons, dermis of skin. collagen and elastin
tight junctions - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together using occludins and claudins. Nothing can cross gap junctions - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells connexon - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔In a gap junction, a hydrophilic protein channel linking adjacent cells. made up of 6 connexins. controlled by calcium exocrine glands - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a ducted gland. composed of surface, duct, and secretory epithelium. salivary, sweat, and mammary glands. surface epithelium - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔sits on the basal lamina. part of the exocrine gland Duct Epithelium - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔form cylinder that link secretory epithelium to surface. sits on the basal lamina. part of the exocrine gland. Secretory epithelial cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔sits on the basal lamina. connects to duct epithelial cells to reach surface. part of the exocrine gland.
organ - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔two or more tissues working together skin - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔epithelium and connective tissue proper Keratinocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔an epidermal cell that produces keratin. epidermis dermis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔connective tissue layer of the skin beneath the epidermis stratum basale - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔deepest layer of epidermis. sits on the basal lamina via hemidesmosomes and connects to the dermis (connective tissue proper) Melanocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cells that produce melanin. secrete pigment taken up by keratinocytes. hair folicle - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔tubelike pockets of epidermal cells that extend into the dermis; keratinocytes at the base of hair follicles produce hair by pushing out. bone - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔osteocytes combined with other tissue types. i.e calcium phosphate and collagen.
medullary cavity - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow central canal - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔contains blood vessels and nerves hydroxy apatite - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔calcium phosphate mineral, space between osteocytes. mineralizing bone. osteoclasts - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Bone-destroying cells endocrine system function - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔hormone system. intercelluar communication using chemicals autocrine signaling - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the target cell is also the secreting cell paracrine signaling - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells. endocrine signaling - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Specialized cells release hormone molecules into blood vessels by which they travel to target cells in other parts of the body.
peptide hormone - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔large, charged, and hydrophilic. has to communicate to a cell via hormone receptor transmembrane protein. secreting/sending cell - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cell that is sending the hormone signal responding/receiving cell - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the cell that is receiving the hormone signal hormone-receptor complex - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a hormone bound to a target molecule hormone receptor - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔protein within a cell or on the cell membrane that binds a hormone, initiating the target cell response how hormones affect cells - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1. regulating of enzyme activity. 2. regulate ion channel (open/close) 3. regulate endocytosis and exocytosis 4. regulate gene transcription and translation G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a large family of proteins that function as receptors; they are a receptor for
