Data and computer comm 8e, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Data Communication Systems and Computer Networks

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DATA AND COMPUTER

COMMUNICATIONS

Eighth Edition

William Stallings

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

For my scintillating wife

ATS

WEB SITE FOR DATA AND COMPUTER

COMMUNICATIONS, EIGHTH EDITION

The Web site at WilliamStallings.com/DCC/DCC8e.html provides support for instructors and students using the book. It includes the following elements.

Course Support Materials

The course support materials include

• Copies of figures from the book in PDF format
• A detailed set of course notes in PDF format suitable for student handout or for use as viewgraphs
• A set of PowerPoint slides for use as lecture aids
• Computer Science Student Support Site: contains a number of links and documents that the student may find useful in his/her ongoing computer science education. The site includes a review of basic, relevant mathematics; advice on research, writing, and doing homework problems; links to computer science research resources, such as report repositories and bibliographies; and other useful links.
• An errata sheet for the book, updated at most monthly

DCC Courses

The DCC8e Web site includes links to Web sites for courses taught using the book. These sites can provide useful ideas about scheduling and topic ordering, as well as a number of useful handouts and other materials.

Useful Web Sites

The DCC8e Web site includes links to relevant Web sites, organized by chapter. The links cover a broad spectrum of topics and will enable students to explore timely issues in greater depth.

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CONTENTS

Web Site for Data and Computer Communications iv

xii CONTENTS

APPENDICES 835

Appendix A Fourier Analysis 835

A.1 Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals 836 A.2 Fourier Transform Representation of Aperiodic Signals 837 A.3 Recommended Reading 840

Appendix B Projects for Teaching Data and Computer Communications 841

B.1 Practical Exercises 842 B.2 Sockets Projects 843 B.3 Ethereal Projects 843 B.4 Simulation and Modeling Projects 844 B.5 Performance Modeling 844 B.6 Research Projects 845 B.7 Reading/Report Assignments 845 B.8 Writing Assignments 845 B.9 Discussion Topics 846

References 847

Index 858

ONLINE APPENDICES WilliamStallings.com/DCC

Appendix C Sockets: A Programmer’s Introduction

C.1 Versions of Sockets C.2 Sockets, Socket Descriptors, Ports, and Connections C.3 The Client/Server Model of Communication C.4 Sockets Elements C.5 Stream and Datagram Sockets C.6 Run-Time Program Control C.7 Remote Execution of a Windows Console Application

Appendix D Standards Organizations

D.1 The Importance of Standards D.2 Standards and Regulation D.3 Standards-Setting Organizations

Appendix E The International Reference Alphabet

Appendix F Proof of the Sampling Theorem

Appendix G Physical-Layer Interfacing

G.1 V.24/EIA-232-F G.2 ISDN Physical Interface

Appendix H The OSI Model

H.1 The Model H.2 The OSI Layers

CONTENTS xiii

Appendix I Queuing Effects

I.1 Queuing Models I.2 Queuing Results

Appendix J Orthogonality, Correlation, and Autocorrelation

J.1 Correlation and Autocorrelation J.2 Orthogonal Codes

Appendix K The TCP/IP Checksum

K.1 Ones-Complement Addition K.2 Use in TCP and IP

Appendix L TCP/IP Example

Appendix M Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) M.1 Uniform Resource Locator M.2 Uniform Resource Identifier M.3 To Learn More

Appendix N Augmented Backus-Naur Form

Glossary

PREFACE

Begin at the beginning and go on till you come to the end; then stop. —Alice in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll

OBJECTIVES

This book attempts to provide a unified overview of the broad field of data and computer com- munications. The organization of the book reflects an attempt to break this massive subject into comprehensible parts and to build, piece by piece, a survey of the state of the art.The book emphasizes basic principles and topics of fundamental importance concerning the technology and architecture of this field and provides a detailed discussion of leading-edge topics. The following basic themes serve to unify the discussion:

• Principles: Although the scope of this book is broad, there are a number of basic principles that appear repeatedly as themes and that unify this field. Examples are multiplexing, flow control, and error control. The book highlights these principles and contrasts their application in specific areas of technology.
• Design approaches: The book examines alternative approaches to meeting specific communication requirements.
• Standards: Standards have come to assume an increasingly important, indeed dominant, role in this field. An understanding of the current status and future direction of technology requires a comprehensive discussion of the related standards.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

The book is intended for both an academic and a professional audience. For the professional interested in this field, the book serves as a basic reference volume and is suitable for self-study. As a textbook, it can be used for a one-semester or two-semester course. It covers the material in Networking (NET), a core area in the Information Technology body of knowledge, which is part of the Draft ACM/IEEE/AIS Computing Curricula 2005. The book also covers the material in Computer Networks (CE-NWK), a core area in Computer Engineering 2004 Curriculum Guidelines from the ACM/IEEE Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula.

PLAN OF THE TEXT

The book is divided into six parts (see Chapter 0):

• Overview
• Data Communications
• Wide Area Networks

xv

xvi PREFACE

• Local Area Networks
• Internet and Transport Protocols
• Internet Applications In addition, the book includes an extensive glossary, a list of frequently used acronyms, and a bibliography. Each chapter includes problems and suggestions for further reading. The chapters and parts of the book are sufficiently modular to provide a great deal of flex- ibility in the design of courses. See Chapter 0 for a number of detailed suggestions for both top-down and bottom-up course strategies.

INSTRUCTIONAL SUPPORT MATERIALS

To support instructors, the following materials are provided:

• Solutions Manual: Solutions to all end-of-chapter Review Questions and Problems.
• PowerPoint Slides: A set of slides covering all chapters, suitable for use in lecturing.
• PDF files: Reproductions of all figures and tables from the book.
• Projects Manual: Suggested project assignments for all of the project cate- gories listed below. Instructors may contact their Pearson Education or Prentice Hall representative for access to these materials. In addition, the book’s Web site supports instructors with:
• Links to Webs sites for other courses being taught using this book
• Sign up information for an Internet mailing list for instructors

INTERNET SERVICES FOR INSTRUCTORS AND STUDENTS

There is a Web site for this book that provides support for students and instructors. The site includes links to other relevant sites, transparency masters of figures in the book, and sign-up information for the book’s Internet mailing list. The Web page is at WilliamStallings.com/DCC/DCC8e.html; see the section, Web Site for Data and Computer Communications , preceding the Table of Contents, for more information. An Internet mail- ing list has been set up so that instructors using this book can exchange information, sug- gestions, and questions with each other and with the author. As soon as typos or other errors are discovered, an errata list for this book will be available at WilliamStallings.com.

PROJECTS AND OTHER STUDENT EXERCISES

For many instructors, an important component of a data communications or networking course is a project or set of projects by which the student gets hands-on experience to rein- force concepts from the text. This book provides an unparalleled degree of support for including a projects component in the course. The instructor’s supplement not only includes guidance on how to assign and structure the projects but also includes a set of User’s

xviii PREFACE

• New coverage of IP performance metrics and service level agreements (SLAs): These aspects of Quality of Service (QoS) and performance monitor- ing are increasingly important.
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): This important protocol is now covered.
• New coverage of TCP Tahoe, Reno, and NewReno: These congestion control algorithms are now common in most commercial implementations.
• Expanded coverage of security: Chapter 21 is more detailed; other chapters provide overview of security for the relevant topic. Among the new topics are Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and the secure hash algorithm SHA-512.
• Domain Name System (DNS): This important scheme is now covered.
• New coverage of multimedia: Introductory section in Chapter 2; detailed cov- erage in Chapter 24. Topics covered include video compression, SIP, and RTP.
• Online appendices: Fourteen online appendices provide additional detail on important topics in the text, including Sockets programming, queuing models, the Internet checksum, a detailed example of TCP/IP operation, and the BNF grammar. In addition, throughout the book, virtually every topic has been updated to reflect the developments in standards and technology that have occurred since the publication of the seventh edition.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This new edition has benefited from review by a number of people, who gave generously of their time and expertise. The following people reviewed all or a large part of the manuscript: Xin Liu- (UC, Davis), Jorge Cobb, Andras Farago, Dr. Prasant Mohapatra (UC Davis), Dr. Jingxian Wu (Sonoma State University), G. R. Dattareya (UT Dallas), Guanling Chen (Umass, Lowell), Bob Roohaprvar (Cal State East Bay), Ahmed Banafa (Cal State East Bay), Ching-Chen Lee (CSU Hayward), and Daji Qaio (Iowa State). Thanks also to the many people who provided detailed technical reviews of a single chap- ter: Dave Tweed, Bruce Lane, Denis McMahon, Charles Freund, Paul Hoadley, Stephen Ma, Sandeep Subramaniam, Dragan Cvetkovic, Fernando Gont, Neil Giles, Rajesh Thundil, and Rick Jones. In addition, Larry Owens of California State University and Katia Obraczka of the University of Southern California provided some homework problems. Thanks also to the following contributors. Zornitza Prodanoff of the University of North Florida prepared the appendix on Sockets programming. Michael Harris of the University of South Florida is responsible for the Ethereal exercises and user’s guide. Lawrie Brown of the Australian Defence Force Academy of the University of New South Wales produced the PPT lecture slides. Finally, I would like to thank the many people responsible for the publication of the book, all of whom did their usual excellent job. This includes the staff at Prentice Hall, particularly my editor Tracy Dunkelberger, her assistants Christianna Lee and Carole Snyder, and pro- duction manager Rose Kernan. Also, Patricia M. Daly did the copy editing.

CHAPTER

READER’S AND INSTRUCTOR’S

GUIDE

0.1 Outline of the Book

0.2 Roadmap

0.3 Internet and Web Resources

0.4 Standards