Data Communications and Networking: Concepts and Practices, Lecture notes of Multimedia Applications

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DATA AND COMPUTER

COMMUNICATIONS

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Stallings,William. Data and computer communications / William Stallings.—9th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-139205-2 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-13-139205-0 (alk. paper)

1. Data transmission systems. 2. Computer networks. I. Title. TK5105.S73 2011 004.6--dc 2010025052

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1—EB—15 14 13 11 10

Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text.

Microsoft® and Windows® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. Screen shots and icons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft Corporation.This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation.

The programs and applications presented in this book have been included for their instructional value.They have been tested with care, but are not guaranteed for any particular purpose.The publisher does not offer any warranties or representations, nor does it accept any liabilities with respect to the programs or applications.

Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2004, 2000, 1997 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, 1 Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, Prentice Hall, 1 Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458.

ISBN 10: 0-13-139205- ISBN 13: 978-0-13-139205-

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For my brave, extraordinary

and fascinating wife ATS

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CONTENTS

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xxi

About the Author xxiii

vii

• Chapter 0 Reader’s and Instructor’s Guide Animations Directory xxv
  • 0.1 Outline of the Book
  • 0.2 A Roadmap for Readers and Instructors
  • 0.3 Internet and Web Resources
  • 0.4 Standards
• PART ONE OVERVIEW
• Chapter 1 Data Communications, Data Networks, and the Internet
  • 1.1 Data Communications and Networking for Today’s Enterprise
  • 1.2 A Communications Model
  • 1.3 Data Communications
  • 1.4 Networks
  • 1.5 The Internet
  • 1.6 An Example Configuration
• Chapter 2 Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and Internet-Based Applications
  • 2.1 The Need for a Protocol Architecture
  • 2.2 A Simple Protocol Architecture
  • 2.3 The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
  • 2.4 Standardization within a Protocol Architecture
  • 2.5 Traditional Internet-Based Applications
  • 2.6 Multimedia
  • 2.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
  • 2.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    • Appendix 2A The Trivial File Transfer Protocol
• PART TWO DATA COMMUNICATIONS
• Chapter 3 Data Transmission
  • 3.1 Concepts and Terminology
  • 3.2 Analog and Digital Data Transmission
  • 3.3 Transmission Impairments
  • 3.4 Channel Capacity
  • 3.5 Recommended Reading and Web Site
  • 3.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    • Appendix 3A Decibels and Signal Strength
• Chapter 4 Transmission Media
  • 4.1 Guided Transmission Media
  • 4.2 Wireless Transmission
  • 4.3 Wireless Propagation viii CONTENTS
  • 4.4 Line-of-Sight Transmission
  • 4.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
  • 4.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• Chapter 5 Signal Encoding Techniques
  • 5.1 Digital Data, Digital Signals
  • 5.2 Digital Data, Analog Signals
  • 5.3 Analog Data, Digital Signals
  • 5.4 Analog Data, Analog Signals
  • 5.5 Recommended Reading
  • 5.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• Chapter 6 Digital Data Communication Techniques
  • 6.1 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission
  • 6.2 Types of Errors
  • 6.3 Error Detection
  • 6.4 Error Correction
  • 6.5 Line Configurations
  • 6.6 Recommended Reading
  • 6.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• Chapter 7 Data Link Control Protocols
  • 7.1 Flow Control
  • 7.2 Error Control
  • 7.3 High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
  • 7.4 Recommended Reading
  • 7.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    • Appendix 7A Performance Issues
• Chapter 8 Multiplexing
  • 8.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing
  • 8.2 Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing
  • 8.3 Statistical Time Division Multiplexing
  • 8.4 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
  • 8.5 xDSL
  • 8.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
  • 8.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• Chapter 9 Spread Spectrum
  • 9.1 The Concept of Spread Spectrum
  • 9.2 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum
  • 9.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
  • 9.4 Code Division Multiple Access
  • 9.5 Recommended Reading and Web Site
  • 9.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• PART THREE WIDE AREA NETWORKS CONTENTS ix
• Chapter 10 Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
  • 10.1 Switched Communications Networks
  • 10.2 Circuit-Switching Networks
  • 10.3 Circuit-Switching Concepts
  • 10.4 Softswitch Architecture
  • 10.5 Packet-Switching Principles
  • 10.6 Recommended Reading
  • 10.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• Chapter 11 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
  • 11.1 The Role of ATM
  • 11.2 Protocol Architecture
  • 11.3 ATM Logical Connections
  • 11.4 ATM Cells
  • 11.5 Transmission of ATM Cells
  • 11.6 ATM Service Categories
  • 11.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
  • 11.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• Chapter 12 Routing in Switched Data Networks
  • 12.1 Routing in Packet-Switching Networks
  • 12.2 Examples: Routing in ARPANET
  • 12.3 Least-Cost Algorithms
  • 12.4 Recommended Reading
  • 12.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• Chapter 13 Congestion Control in Data Networks
  • 13.1 Effects of Congestion
  • 13.2 Congestion Control
  • 13.3 Traffic Management
  • 13.4 Congestion Control in Packet-Switching Networks
  • 13.5 ATM Traffic Management
  • 13.6 ATM–GFR Traffic Management
  • 13.7 Recommended Reading
  • 13.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• Chapter 14 Cellular Wireless Networks
  • 14.1 Principles of Cellular Networks
  • 14.2 First-Generation Analog
  • 14.3 Second-Generation CDMA
  • 14.4 Third-Generation Systems
  • 14.4 Fourth-Generation Systems
  • 14.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
  • 14.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• PART FOUR LOCAL AREA NETWORKS x CONTENTS
• Chapter 15 Local Area Network Overview
  • 15.1 Topologies and Transmission Media
  • 15.2 LAN Protocol Architecture
  • 15.3 Bridges
  • 15.4 Hubs and Switches
  • 15.5 Virtual LANs
  • 15.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
  • 15.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• Chapter 16 Ethernet
  • 16.1 Traditional Ethernet
  • 16.2 High-Speed Ethernet
  • 16.3 IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Standard
  • 16.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
  • 16.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
    • Appendix 16A Digital Signal Encoding for LANs
    • Appendix 16B Scrambling
• Chapter 17 Wireless LANs
  • 17.1 Overview
  • 17.2 Wireless LAN Technology
  • 17.3 IEEE 802.11 Architecture and Services
  • 17.4 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control
  • 17.5 IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer
  • 17.6 IEEE 802.11 Security Considerations
  • 17.7 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
  • 17.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• PROTOCOLS PART FIVE INTERNET AND TRANSPORT
• Chapter 18 Internet Protocols
  • 18.1 Principles of Internetworking
  • 18.2 Internet Protocol Operation
  • 18.3 Internet Protocol
  • 18.4 IPv6
  • 18.5 Virtual Private Networks and IP Security
  • 18.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
  • 18.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• Chapter 19 Internetwork Operation
  • 19.1 Multicasting
  • 19.2 Routing Protocols
  • 19.3 Mobile IP
  • 19.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
  • 19.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• Chapter 20 Internetwork Quality of Service CONTENTS xi - 20.1 Integrated Services Architecture - 20.2 Resource Reservation Protocol - 20.3 Differentiated Services - 20.4 Service Level Agreements - 20.5 IP Performance Metrics - 20.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites - 20.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• Chapter 21 Multiprotocol Label Switching - 21.1 The Role of MPLS - 21.2 Backgrounds - 21.3 MPLS Operation - 21.4 Labels - 21.5 FECs, LSPs, and Labels - 21.6 Label Distribution - 21.7 Traffic Engineering - 21.8 Virtual Private Networks - 21.9 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
  • 21.10 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• Chapter 22 Transport Protocols - 22.1 Connection-Oriented Transport Protocol Mechanisms - 22.2 TCP - 22.3 TCP Congestion Control - 22.4 UDP - 22.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites - 22.6 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• PART SIX NETWORK SECURITY
• Chapter 23 Computer and Network Security Threats - 23.1 Computer Security Concepts - 23.2 Threats, Attacks, and Assets - 23.3 Intruders - 23.4 Malicious Software Overview - 23.5 Viruses,Worms, and Bots - 23.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites - 23.7 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems
• Chapter 24 Computer and Network Security Techniques - 24.1 Virtual Private Networks and IPsec - 24.2 SSL and TLS - 24.3 Wi-Fi Protected Access - 24.4 Intrusion Detection - 24.5 Firewalls - 24.6 Malware Defense - 24.7 Recommended Reading and Web sites - 24.8 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems

CONTENTS xiii

Appendix E The International Reference Alphabet

Appendix F Proof of the Sampling Theorem Appendix G Physical-Layer Interfacing G.1 V.24/EIA-232-F G.2 ISDN Physical Interface Appendix H Queuing Effects H.1 Queuing Models H.2 Queuing Results Appendix I ATM Adaptation Layer I.1 AAL Services I.2 AAL Protocols Appendix J Leaky Bucket Algorithms J.1 Peak Cell Rate Algorithm J.2 Sustainable Cell Rate Algorithm Appendix K The Spanning Tree Algorithm Appendix L LAN Performance Issues L.1 The Effect of Propagation Delay and Transmission Rate L.2 Simple Performance Model for CSMA/CD Appendix M Fibre Channel M.1 Fibre Channel Elements M.2 Fibre Channel Protocol Architecture M.3 Fibre Channel Physical Media and Topologies Appendix N Orthogonality, Correlation, and Autocorrelation N.1 Correlation and Autocorrelation N.2 Orthogonal Codes Appendix O TCP/IP Example

Appendix P The TCP/IP Checksum P.1 Ones Complement Addition P.2 Use in TCP and IP Appendix Q Cryptographic Algorithms Q.1 Symmetric Encryption Q.2 Public-Key Cryptography Q.3 Secure Hash Functions Appendix R Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) R.1 Uniform Resource Locator R.2 Uniform Resource Identifier R.3 To Learn More

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xiv CONTENTS

Appendix S Augmented Backus-Naur Form Appendix T Sockets: A Programmer’s Introduction T.1 Sockets, Socket Descriptors, Ports, and Connections T.2 The Client/Server Model of Communication T.3 Sockets Elements T.4 Stream and Datagram Sockets T.5 Run-Time Program Control T.6 Remote Execution of a Windows Console Application Appendix U Frame Relay U.1 X. U.2 Frame Relay U.3 Frame Relay Congestion Control U.4 Problems Appendix V Derivations of Equations and Examples Glossary

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xvi PREFACE

• Local Area Networks
• Internet and Transport Protocols
• Network Security
• Internet Applications The book includes a number of pedagogic features, including the use of animations and numerous figures and tables to clarify the discussions. Each chapter includes a list of key words, review questions, homework problems, suggestions for further reading, and recommended Web sites. The book also includes an extensive online glossary, a list of frequently used acronyms, and a reference list. In addition, a test bank is available to instructors. The chapters and parts of the book are sufficiently modular to provide a great deal of flexi- bility in the design of courses. See Chapter 0 for a number of detailed suggestions for both top–down and bottom–up course strategies.

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS EDITION

This ninth edition is seeing the light of day less than four years after the publication of the eighth edition. During that time, the pace of change in this field continues unabated. In this new edition, I try to capture these changes while maintaining a broad and comprehensive cov- erage of the entire field. To begin the process of revision, the eighth edition of this book was extensively reviewed by a number of professors who teach the subject. The result is that, in many places, the narrative has been clarified and tightened, and illustrations have been improved. Beyond these refinements to improve pedagogy and user-friendliness, there have been major substantive changes throughout the book. Highlights include:

• Animations: Animation provides a powerful tool for understanding the complex mechanisms of network protocols. The ninth edition incorporates a number of separate animations covering such protocols as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). A directory of the animations is provided after the Preface.
• Examples: The number of examples incorporated in the book has been significantly expanded.
• Twisted-pair transmission standards: This new edition covers the 2009 ANSI/TIA 568-C standards and the recent ISO/IEC 11801 twisted-pair transmissions, which are important for gigabit-range Ethernet and other high-speed twisted-pair applications.
• Expanded coverage of broadband Internet access: The sections on cable modem and DSL broadband access have been expanded.
• New coverage of fourth-generation (4G) mobile wireless networks: Includes the key 4G technology of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA).

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PREFACE xvii

• New coverage of virtual LANs: VLAN technology is covered, as well is the IEEE 802.1Q standard.
• Updated coverage of high-speed Ethernet: The new 100-Gbps standard is covered, including the multilane distribution (MLD) transmission technique, plus expanded coverage of 64B/66B encoding.
• Updated coverage of Wi-Fi/IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs: IEEE 802.11 and the related Wi-Fi specifications have continued to evolve. New coverage includes 802.11n.
• Mobile IP: New to this edition is coverage of Mobile IP, which standardizes techniques for IP addressing and routing for mobile end systems.
• MPLS: New to this edition is full chapter devoted to Multiprotocol Label Switching, which is becoming increasingly important on the Internet and other IP-based networks, as well as in telecommunications networks.
• Expanded coverage of security: The coverage of security, in Part Six, has been completely rewritten and expanded to two chapters. It is more detailed, covering a number of new topics. In addition, throughout the book, virtually every topic has been updated to reflect the developments in standards and technology that have occurred since the publication of the eighth edition.

ONLINE DOCUMENTS FOR STUDENTS

For this new edition, a tremendous amount of original supporting material has been made available online, in the following categories:

• Online chapters: To limit the size and cost of the book, two chapters of the book are provided in PDF format. The chapters are listed in this book’s table of contents.
• Online appendices: There are numerous interesting topics that support material found in the text but whose inclusion is not warranted in the printed text. A total of 23 appendices cover these topics for the interested student. The appendices are listed in this book’s table of contents.
• Homework problems and solutions: To aid the student in understanding the material, a separate set of homework problems with solutions are available. These enable the students to test their understanding of the text.
• Key papers: Several dozen papers from the professional literature, many hard to find, are provided for further reading.
• Supporting documents: A variety of other useful documents are referenced in the text and provided online. Purchasing this textbook new grants the reader six months of access to this online material. See the access card in the front of this book for details.

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PREFACE xix

component in the course.The IRC not only includes guidance on how to assign and structure the projects but also includes a set of User’s Manuals for various project types plus specific assign- ments, all written especially for this book. Instructors can assign work in the following areas:

• Animation assignments: Described in the following section.
• Practical exercises: Using network commands, the student gains experience in network connectivity.
• Sockets programming projects: The book is supported by a detailed description of Sockets (Appendix T). The IRC includes a set of programming projects. Sockets programming is an “easy” topic and one that can result in very satisfy- ing hands-on projects for students.
• Wireshark projects: Wireshark is a protocol analyzer that enables students to study the behavior of protocols. A video tutorial is provided to get students started.
• Simulation projects: The student can use the simulation package cnet to analyze network behavior.
• Performance modeling projects: Two performance modeling techniques are provided: a tools package and OPNET.
• Research projects: The IRC includes a list of suggested research projects that would involve Web and literature searches.
• Reading/report assignments: The IRC includes a list of papers that can be assigned for reading and writing a report, plus suggested assignment wording.
• Writing assignments: The IRC includes a list of writing assignments to facilitate learning the material.
• Discussion topics: These topics can be used in a classroom, chat room, or message board environment to explore certain areas in greater depth and to foster student collaboration. This diverse set of projects and other student exercises enables the instructor to use the book as one component in a rich and varied learning experience and to tailor a course plan to meet the specific needs of the instructor and students. See Appendix B for details.

ANIMATIONS

New to this edition is the incorporation of animations. Animations provide a powerful tool for understanding the complex mechanisms of network protocols. A number of Web-based animations are used to illustrate protocol behavior. Each animation allows the user to step through the operation of the protocol by selecting the next step at each point in the proto- col exchange. The entire protocol exchange is illustrated by an animated diagram as the exchange proceeds. The animations can be used in two ways. In a passive mode , the student can click more or less randomly on the next step at each point in the animation and watch as the given concept or principle is illustrated. In an active mode , the user can be given a specific set of steps to invoke and watch the animation, or be given a specific end point and devise a sequence of steps that achieve the desired result. Thus, the animations can serve as the basis for student assignments. The IRC includes a set of assignments for each of the animations, plus suggested solutions so that instructors can assess the student’s work.

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