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Agriculture, Department of, 82-83n
Anglo-American cooperation, 164, 1 78- Economies of scale. See Infant industry argument; International trade the
- Agriculture, 79-80, 190, - 1 33- 1 34, 1 38-1 39, 1 4 1 , Aldrich, Nelson, 1 I 2, 1 25- 1 27, 1 3 1 ,
- Algeciras Conference ( 1 906),
- Allison, William B , 104, 1 27- 1 28,
- Anarchy, 2 1-
- Argentina, 1 3 1 ,
- Arrow, Kenneth,
- Arthur, Chester A. ,
- Artwork, 1 26,
- Austria-Hungary, 102,
- Axelrod, Robert, 53-
- Balfour, Arthur, 1 50- Baack, Bennett D., 74n
- Becker, William H., 74n,
- Benedict, Murray R. ,
- Benham, Frederick,
- 140, 1 44, 2 20-22 Blaine, James G., 86, 1 02 , 1 26, 1 3 7- 1 38,
- 1 08- 1 1 3, and passage of the McKinley Act, 1 00,
- Boot and shoe manufacturers,
- Brandeis, Louis D.,
- Brazil, W I , 1 28- 1 29, 1 7 1 ,
- Breckinridge, William C. R.,
- Browne, Edward E., Britain. See United Kingdom
- Bryan, William Jennings,
- Burbridge, J. B.,
- Burgess, William,
- Canada, 1 35n, 142n, 202 , - Cannon, Joseph, - Chamberlain, Joseph, 1 20, 1 49- 1 50, - Chandler, William E., - China, 1 24, 1 26, - Clark, Colin, - 1 57, 1 99, 220-22 1 , Cleveland, Grover C., 86, 1 37, 144, 1 56- - 1 887 Annual Message, 98-99, - Act, 1 I 3- and passage of the Wilson-Gorman - Coal, 102- - Coffee, 1 26- - Colbert, Jean Baptiste, - Coletta, Paolo E., - Colombia, - Conybeare, John A. C., Commerce, Department of, 83n - Crumpacker, Edgar, - Cuba, 1 7 1 , - Culbertson, William S , 1 74- - Curtis, W. G. , - Dawes, Charles G., - Dawes Plan, 1 79- - Denmark, - Dingley, Nelson, - 1 33- 1 34, 1 36, Dingley Tariff Act of 1 897, 1 25- 1 3 1 , - and domestic policy process, 1 36- - rates of duty, 1 25- - Dominican Republic, - Ecuador, ory; Relative labor productivity
Edge, Walter, 1 97 Eikengreen, Barry, 1 89n, 20 1 Emergency Tariff Act of 1 92 1 , 1 67 , 1 77 , 2 0 1 Emmanuel, Arghiri, 4 2 Endogenous tariff theory, 1 , 7 and the state, 70 Europe, 97, 1 06- 1 07 , 1 2 1 - 1 23 , 1 2 5, 1 26, 1 3 1 , 1 34, 1 46. See also France; Germany; United Kingdom Export dependence, 75
Ferguson, Thomas, 2 1 1 Finance, American, 79 Fordney, Joseph W., 1 67 Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1 9 2 2 , 1 66- 1 78, 1 94- 1 96, 20 1 , 207, 2 1 4, 2 2 2 and domestic policy process, 1 73- 1 78 rates of duty, 1 67 Foreign direct investment, American, 78 Foreign policy executive, 1 3 bargaining strategies, 2 2 1 defined, 69-7 1 and trade strategy, 85-86, 1 1 7 , 147, 182, summarized, 2 1 9- 2 2 2 i n U nited States, 83 France, 47, 1 28, 1 35- 1 36, 1 7 2 , 1 79- 1 80, 1 9 1 , 202, 2 24, 2 29-23 1 , 234- and British hegemony, 93n Cobden-Chevalier treaty ( 1 860), 5 1 Meline Tariff ( 1 892), 1 2 2- 1 24 reciprocity with U. S. , 1 29- 1 30, 1 38- 1 39 Free trade free riders: under bilateral opportunism, 55 under hegemony, 50, 52 trade policy preferences defined, 48 Frelinghuysen, Frederick T., 1 09 Frieden, Jeff, 78n, 79n Frye, William R. , 1 1 2
Garfield, James A., 1 08 Germany, 47, 5 1 , 96, 1 2 2 , 1 28 , 1 35- 1 36, 1 57 , 1 64, 1 7 1 , 1 78- 1 79, 1 8 1 , 2 1 0, 2 24, 2 29-2 3 1 , 234- and British hegemony, 93n reciprocity with United States, 1 0 2 , 1 29- 1 30 Gilpin, Robert, g- I l , 59, 2 28-2 29 Glassie, Henry M. , 1 76 Gloves, 1 43 Goldstein, Judith, 10 Goluchowski, Agenor, 1 2 3 Gorman, Arthur, 1 1 5 Great Depression, and Smoot-Hawley Act, 200
Gresham, Walter Q. , 1 1 4 Guatemala, 1 0 1
Haiti, 1 0 2 Hale, Eugene, 1 00, 1 1 2 Hamilton, Alexander, 2 , 20, 42 Hanna, Marcus, 1 3 7 Harding, Warren G. , 2 2 0, 2 2 2 and passage o f the Fordney-McCum ber Act, 1 68, 1 73- 1 7 7 Harrison, Benjamin, 99, 1 0 2 , 1 44, 2 20, 2 2 4 and passage o f McKinley Act, 1 09- 1 1 3 Harrison, Pat, 1 92 Hay, John, 1 4 1 Hegemonic leader: and economic openness, 50-52 , 59 trade policy preferences defined, 45- 46 Hegemonic stability, theory of, 8- 1 1 , 3 1 , 38, 2 2 8- 2 2 9 Hides, l O i n, 1 02- 1 03 Hirschman, Albert, 42 Honduras, 1 0 1 Hoover, Herbert, I , 1 73 , 1 85 , 1 93, 1 96, 2 2 0- 2 2 2 and passage o f Smoot-Hawley Act, 1 96- 1 99 Hornbeck, Stanley K., 1 74 House, Colonel Edward, 1 59 Hughes, Charles Evans, 1 70, 1 74 Hull, Cordell, 86, 1 9 2 , 204-205, 2 20- 2 2 1 and passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, 20g-2 1 1 Huntington, Samuel, 83
Imperial leaders : trade policy preferences defined, 47- 48 Infant industry argument, 2, 20 and increasing returns to scale, 42 Instability. See international economic in frastructure Interest groups: and trade strategy, I 887- I 939, 2 26- 2 2 7 ; I 887- I 89 7, 1 1 8 ; I 89 7-I9I 2, 1 46; I 9 I3, 1 6 2 ; I92 2 , 1 77- 1 78; I93 0, 2 0 1 ; I934-I939, 2 1 1 in United States, 74- See also endogenous tariff theory International American Conference ( 1 890), 86, 1 09- I l l , 1 1 4, 2 2 1 International Economic Conference ( 1 933), 2 1 0, 2 2 1 International economic infrastructure, 2 1 - 2 2 , 33-
Netherlands, 46n, 1 30 Nicaragua, 1 0 1 , 1 3 1 Nondiscrimination, 1 1 9, 1 3 1 , 1 33- 1 34 and Fordney-McCumber Act, 1 69- 1 73 and Smoot-Hawley Act, 1 96
Olney, Richard, 97 Olson, Mancur, 35- Open Door Notes, 2 1 4 Opportunists: under bilateral opportunism, 5 2- under hegemony, 50- trade policy preferences defined, 45- 47 under unilateral opportunism, 56- Optimal tariffs : theory. See International trade theory in U.S. , 94-95 ; 1 2 1 Osborne, John Ball, 1 27
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 209 Panama Canal, 1 24, 1 7 1 , 1 8 1 Pareto, Vilfredo, 7 2 Parties, political: as explanation of trade strategy, 8, 91 n and trade strategy, 1 887-1939, 2 2 7 ; 1887- 1 89 7, 9 1 , 1 1 8 ; 189 7-1912, 1 3 2 , 1 46; 1913, 162; 1922, 1 7 7 ; 1930, 200; 1934-1939, 2 1 1 Payne, Sereno E., 1 33 , 1 43 Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1 909, 80, 84, 1 3 1 - 1 36, 1 50, 1 53- 1 54, 1 67 , 1 78, 2 1 4, 2 2 7 and domestic policy process, 1 4 1 - 1 45 maximum-minimum schedules, 1 33- 1 36, 1 44- 1 45 rates of duty, 1 33 Peek, George, 209-2 1 0 Peel, Sir Robert, 1 55 Philippines, 1 24, 1 7 1 , 1 8 1 Platt, Orville, H. , 1 4 1 Portugal, 1 29- 1 30, 1 35 Prisoners' dilemma, 52-56, 1 5 2 , 1 87 Progressive (Bull Moose) Party, 1 53 Progressives, 8 1 , 1 55, 1 60 Proportion of world trade. See Relative size Protectionist free riders: under bilateral opportunism, 55- under hegemony, 50- trade policy preferences defined, 48- 49 under unilateral opportunism, 56- Public good, 35-
Ray, Edward John, 74n Realism, 1 2 , 66, 87 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1 934, 84, 204-209, 2 2 7 compared with other tariff acts, 205- 206 and domestic policy process, 209-2 1 1 rates of duty, 207- Reciprocity: in Dingley Act, 1 26- 1 3 1 , 1 3 7- 1 4 1 , 1 46- 1 4 7 i n McKinley Act, 1 00- 1 02 in Underwood Act, 1 58 Reed, David A., 1 97 Regimes, 10, 35 Relative labor productivity, 233- defined, 29-30, 234 effects on trade strategy, 40- operationalized, 32-33, 234 Relative size: defined 29- effects on trade strategy, 33- operationalized, 3 1- Representative element of the state, 1 3 defined, 69- in United States, 82- See specific tariff acts, domestic policy process Ricardo, David, 1 , 24, 1 52 Robinson, Joan, 40 Romania, 1 72 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 204, 206-207, 209-2 1 1 Roosevelt, Theodore, 1 3 1 - 1 3 2 , 1 53-' 1 54, 2 2 1 -2 2 2 and passage o f the Payne-Aldrich Act, 1 4 1 - 145, 1 62 - 1 67 Root, Elihu, 1 44- 145 Russia, 1 9 1
Salisbury, Lord, 93 Salvador, 1 0 1 Schattschneider, E. E. , 80, 1 99 Sherman, James, 1 45 Sherman, John, 1 37 Smith, Adam, I , 24, 1 5 2 Smoot, Reed, 1 66, 1 69, 1 74, 1 76, 1 9 2 , 1 97 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1 930, I , 80, 1 9 1 , 1 93- 1 96, 205-206, 208-209, 2 1 4, 2 2 2 , 2 2 7 and domestic policy process, 1 96- 2 0 1 rates o f duty, 1 94- 1 95 and Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act,
retaliation against, 1 89, 202- Society. See Interest groups Soviet Union, 48n Spain, 1 0 1 , 1 30, 1 7 1 - 1 72 , 202 Spoilers: under bilateral opportunism, 55- under hegemony, 50- trade policy preferences defined, 48- 49 under unilateral opportunism, 56- Spooner, John, 1 4 1 State: defined, 66- economic agencies, 69n structure, 73-74, in United States, 83- 87 See also Foreign policy executive; Rep- resentative element of the state Steel, and Underwood Act, 1 59 Stein, Arthur, 54 Stimson, Henry L., 1 98, 2 2 2 Sugar, 1 02- 103, 1 26, 1 29, 1 39, 1 47, 1 60, 1 95 Sumner, William Graham, 97
Taft, William Howard, 1 6 2 , 2 2 1 -2 2 2 and maximum-minimum schedules, 1 35- 1 36, 1 44-145, 1 78 and passage of the Payne-Aldrich Act, 1 32 , 1 4 1 - 1 45, 1 47 Tariff Commission, 1 34- 1 35, 1 69, 1 74- 1 76, 1 96, 205, 2 1 1 -2 1 2 , 2 2 1 -2 2 2 Tariffs: as second-best policy, 43n See specific tariff acts by principle au- thor's name Taussig, Frank W. , 1 67 Tea, 1 26- 1 2 7 Textiles, 1 39 Thornton, John Randolph, 1 60 Tobacco, 1 39 Trade strategy: defined, 4- methodological considerations, 63- See also United States trade strategy Truman, David B., 84 Trusts, and the tariff, 1 55 Tyson, Laura, 4 1
Underwood, Oscar 0., 1 59- 1 60, 1 69 Underwood Tariff Act of 1 9 1 3, 1 53- 1 59, 1 63, 1 94- 1 95, 208, 2 1 1 , 2 1 4 , 2 2 7 compared with Wilson-Gorman Act, 1 57
and domestic policy process, 1 59- 1 63 rates of duty, 1 54- 1 55 United Kingdom, 1 3 8- 1 39, 1 64, 1 79- 1 80, 1 90, 2 1 4, 233-2 36 as bilateral opportunist ( 1 9 1 2- 1 932), 1 49- 1 53, 1 57, 1 63- 1 66, 1 78- 1 82 as declining hegemonic leader ( 1 897- 1 9 1 2) , 1 20- 1 23 as hegemonic leader, 46, 5 1 , 59, ( 1 887- 1 897), 92-98, 1 07 imperial preferences, 1 20- 1 2 1 , 1 89 most-favored-nation principle, I 7 1 - 1 72 , 1 75, 1 8 1 reciprocal trade negotiations, 1 0 1 , 1 30, 208- return to protection, 1 65- 1 66, 1 87- 1 89 as spoiler ( 1 932- 1 939), 1 86- 1 89 trade with United States, 93n, 1 2 1 , 1 52 United States, 46-47, 5 1 , 59-60, 2 29- 23 1 , 233- trade with specific regions, 1 07, 1 63n, 208 See also United States trade strategy; specific tariff acts United States trade strategy: and the international economic struc ture, 60- as least likely crucial case study, 3, 6 1 , 2 25-2 26 pre- 1 887, 6 1 887- 1 939, summarized, 6-7, 2 1 6- 2 1 9 1 887- 1 897, 98- 107 1 897- 1 9 1 2 , 1 24- 1 36 1 9 1 3, 1 53- 1 59 1 9 2 2 , 1 66- 1 73 1 930, 1 93- 1 96 1 934- 1 939, 204- post- 1 945, 6, 1 4- 1 5 , 2 2 8-
Venezuela, 106, 1 7 2 Vest, George G. , 1 0 2 Vinson, Fred M., 206
Waltz, Kenneth, 1 2 , 20 Weber, Max, 67 Willis, H. Parker, 102 Wilson, Joan Hoff, 74n, 79, 1 77 Wilson, William L., 1 03, 1 1 4- 1 1 5 Wilson, Woodrow, 86, 1 4 2 , 1 66, 1 70, 1 77, 2 20-2 2 1 and passage of the Underwood Act, 1 53- 1 63 and tariff lobby, 1 6 1
