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PRESENTED BY M.MARIKANI (9916020076) BME IV YEAR KARE
SCHOOL OF BIO AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
NEURAL ENGINEERING (BME18R405)
DEMYELINATING DISEASES
DEMYELINATING DISEASES
(^) Damage to the protective covering (myelin sheath) that surrounds nerve fibres in your brain, optic nerves and spinal cord. (^) When the myelin sheath is damaged, nerve impulses slow or even stop, causing neurological problems.
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
(^) Common demyelinating disease of CNS (^) Auto-immune disease (^) Body’s immune system attacks and produces antibodies against its own cells (^) Attacks the myelin sheath (^) Injury to the myelin sheath causes inflammation of nerve fibres that surrounds it (^) The process leads to multiple areas of scarring (sclerosis)
OPTIC NEURITIS
(^) Inflammation of the optic nerve in one or both eyes (^) Can be an early sign of the MS (^) Symptom: Pain and temporary vision loss (^) Treatment: steroid medications and blood transfusion
TRANSVERSE MYELITIS
(^) Loss of myelin in spinal cord (^) Cause for the disease is unknown (^) Symptoms: lower back pain, bladder and bowel problems, numbness in toes, fatigue, sensitivity to touch (^) No cure for this disease (^) Steroid shots or plasma exchange (PLEX) may bring down the swelling in spinal cord
ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (ADEM)
(^) Damages myelin in the brain and spinal cord (^) Auto-immune disease (^) May be caused due to bacterial or viral infection (^) Symptoms: fever, headache, nausea, eyesight problems (^) In rare cases, ADEM can be deadly
SCHILDER’S DISEASE
(^) Affects boys between ages 7 and 12 (^) Wears away the brain and spinal cord (^) Can affect breathing, heart rate and blood pressure (^) Hard to predict (^) Symptoms: head ache, fever, seizures, vision problems, change in personality (^) Symptoms are manageable with steroids and drugs that calm the immune system
ADRENOMYELENONEUROPATHY (AMN)
(^) It is a form of X-linked ALD (^) AMN is caused by mutation in ABCD1 gene (^) ABCD1 gene gives the body instructions to make the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP) (^) ALDP helps in transport of VLCFAs into peroxisomes (^) Peroxisomes helps to break down fats (^) Symptoms: difficulty in walking, ataxia (impaired coordination), hypertonia (muscle overactivity), adrenal insufficiency, impotence (^) Treatment: steroid replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency
CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE (CMT)
(^) It affects PNS (^) Inherited from parents (^) Symptoms show up in early adult years (^) Symptoms: weakness in legs, ankles and feet, trouble in walking or running (^) Treatment: physical and occupational therapy, exercise helps in recovery
HTLV-1 ASSOCIATED MYELOPATHY (HAM)
(^) Results from a virus called HTLV-1. (^) Leads to swelling of brain and spinal cord (^) Symptoms: constipation, double vision, deafness, tremors (^) Treatment: steroids can help ease the symptoms
