T
HEORY
DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS
T
HEORY
DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS
•The systematic development of scientific
nursing theories has a better chance of
nursing theories has a better chance of
advancing nursing and may lead to the
basis for advancing nursing.
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Theory Development Process in Nursing: Components, Strategies, and Organizations, Slides of Nursing
An overview of the theory development process in nursing, including the components of theories, forms of theory organizations, and strategies for developing nursing theories. It emphasizes the importance of systematic theory development for advancing nursing practice and research.
What you will learn
- What are the four major strategies of nursing theory development?
- How does the theory-practice-theory strategy contribute to nursing theory development?
- What are the three general categories of theoretical statements in nursing?
- What is the role of theoretical linkages in nursing theory development?
- How do operational definitions contribute to the development of a nursing theory?
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2021/2022
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T
HEORY
DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS
T
HEORY
DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS
-^
The systematic development of scientificnursing theories has a better chance ofnursing theories has a better chance ofadvancing nursing and may lead to thebasis for advancing nursing.
Theory
components
and
their
contributions
to
the
theory
Theory components
Contributions
Theory
components
Contributions
Concepts
Description
and
classification
Th
i^
l^
A^
l^
i
Theoretical
statements
Analysis
DefinitionsTheoretical
Meaning
Theoretical Operational
MeaningMeasurements
LinkagesTheoreticalOperational
PlausibilityTestability
p^
y
Ordering
of
concepts
and
definitions
Elimination
of
overlap
(tautology)
into
primitive
and
derived
terms
Ordering
of
statements
and
linkages
Elimination
of
inconsistency
into
premises
and
equations
T
HEORETICAL
S
TATEMENT
th
l^
t^
i^
i t
t t
t
-^
th
ree general categories: (1) existence statements, (2) definitions, and (3) relational statements.
-^
Existence statements simply assert that a given
-^
Existence statements simply assert that a givenconcept exists and is labeled with the conceptname.
-^
Relational statements assert relationshipsbetween the properties of two or more concepts orvariablesvariables.^ •^
In the connections between variables, one variablemay be assumed to influence a second variable. Inthi
i^
t^
th
fi^
t^
i bl
b^
l b l d
this instance, the first variable may be labeled anantecedent (or determinant) variable and the secondvariable a consequent ( or resultant) independentd^
d^
t^
i bl
dependent variable.
D
EFINITIONS
-^
Although it is not possible to eliminate perceiveddifferences in meaning entirely, offering explicitdefinitions can minimize these differencesdefinitions can minimize these differences.
-^
In the development of a complete theory, boththeoretical and operational definitions providetheoretical and operational definitions providemeaning for the concept and a basis for seekingempirical indicators.
-^
Operational definitions relate the concepts toobservable phenomena by specifying empirical indicators.
ORDERING •^
The concepts should be ordered if the theorycontains more than two variables.C
t^
d d fi
iti
h
ld b
d^
d i
t
-^
C
oncepts and definitions should be ordered into primitive and derived terms.This process of ordering may identify any
-^
This process of ordering may identify any existing overlap between concepts and definitions.
-^
Premises ( or axioms) are regarded as the more
-^
Premises ( or axioms) are regarded as the moregeneral assertions from which the hypotheses arederived in the form of equations.
q
F
ORMS
OF
THEORY
ORGANIZATIONS
F
ORMS
OF
THEORY
ORGANIZATIONS
| set-of-laws,^ y
focusing on the relationships between a limited set offocusing on the relationships between a limited set of^ variables, and concepts must measurable. y each statement in the set-of-laws form is considered tobe independent and not interrelatedbe independent and not interrelated. | axiomatic,^ •
Axiomatic theories are not common in the social and behavioral sciences, but they are clearly evident in thefields of physics and mathematics.
-^
It consisting of explicit definitions, a set of concepts, a
g^
p^
,^
p^
,
set of existence statements, and a set of relationshipstatements without contradictory arranged inhierarchical orderhierarchical order.
| causal process.^ •
Specify causal mechanisms between independent andp
y^
p
dependent variables.
B
EGIN
WITH
THEORY
CRITIQUING
B
EGIN
WITH
THEORY
CRITIQUING
-^
The use of rigorous criteria for a scientific theory tocritique nursing formulations will surely result incritique nursing formulations will surely result innursing theories being found deficient because theoryconstruction in nursing is still in the early stages.^ •^
Co
mpleteness of the theory, Co
p ete
ess o
t
e t
eo y,
-^
any missing components or relationships,
-^
the theory’s internal consistency,
-^
the theory
’s correspondence with available empirical
the theory s correspondence with available empiricalfindings, and whether it is operationally defined for testing.
-^
The goal is to continue to direct attention andenergies to the critical analysis of existing incomplete
g^
y^
g^
p
theories in terms of their potential for furtherdevelopment.
-^
Scientific evidence can accumulated to support orScientific evidence can accumulated to support or refute theoretical assertions or provide the basis forsuggesting modifications in a nursing theory onlythrough repeated and rigorous research.
g^
p^
g
M
IXED APPROACH
-^
It has been argued that the acceptance ofmultiple truths and the use of multiple methodsin a research project builds several perspectivesin a research project builds several perspectivesinto the project and permits a richer and morefruitful exploration of the phenomena of interest.
p^
p
-^
Further, multimethods may better ground theproject in the context of clinical practice and lead to a more rapid development of the science ofnursing.
S
TRATEGIES
FOR
S
TRATEGIES
FOR
THEORY DEVELOPMENT
existing strategies
F
OUR MAJOR STRATEGIES OF THEORY
DEVELOPMENT |
theory-practice-theory; | practice-theory; | research-theory; and | theory-research-theory | A fifth strategy, an integrated approach to^ theory development, is recommended as anought-to-be strategy, to be used by itself or incombination with any of the otherscombination with any of the others.
P
RACTICE
T
HEORY
STRATEGY
P
RACTICE
-T
HEORY STRATEGY
| Depend on the experiences of theorists in practice | Depend on the experiences of theorists in practice. | The phenomenon is significant enough to pursue,as developing knowledge about a phenomenon isas developing knowledge about a phenomenon isa long process. | The strategy depends on observations of new | The strategy depends on observations of newphenomena in a practice situation; developmentof sensitizing concepts; and labeling, describing,^ and articulating properties of there concepts.
R
ESEARCH
-T
HEORY
-S
TRATEGY
| The most a acknowledged and accepted strategydeveloping theories that are based on research.
THEORY
-^ RESEARCH -^ THEORY STRATEGY VS .^ THEORY -^ RESEARCH STRATEGY
Theory
‐research
‐theory
Theory
‐research
GOALTest,
refine,
develop
theory;
openness
to
options
for
Test,
accept,
refute,
replicate;
aim
to
p^
y^
p^
p
further
developments
p^
p
conclude
USESA
framework
for
research
and
for
modification
of
theory;
define concepts for future use; generate new propositions;
A^ framework
for
research;
define
variables and questions;
define
concepts
for
future
use;
generate
new
propositions;
explain,
define
questions
variables
and
questions;
prove/disprove
STRATEGIESMental processes; creative abstract reflective thoughts;
Mental processes; problem solving;
Mental
processes;
creative
,^ abstract
,^ reflective
thoughts;
interpretation;
synthesis;
intuitive
leaps
Mental
processes;
problem
solving;
interpretation
EVALUATIONTh
ti^
l thi ki
t^
l d fi iti
th^
th^
V^
i bl
d fi iti
lidit
Theoretical
thi
nking;
conceptual
definitions;
other
th
eory
analyses
criteria
Variable
definitions;
validity;
reliability;
other
research
criteria
IMPACT
ON
DISCIPLINE
h^
h i
d h
i^
l^
h^
l i
h^
h^
l^
d^
i^
ifi^
fi di
Through
integrated
theoretical
statements
that
explain
and
predict
with
scope
Through
selected
scientific
findings
that
explain
and
predict
specifics
FUTURE^ Generates
more
propositions;
inspires
Provides
support
for
existing
propositions
and
for
clinical
actions
A
N
INTEGRATED
APPROACH
TO
THEORY
DEVELOPMENT
A
N
INTEGRATED
APPROACH
TO
THEORY
DEVELOPMENT
-^
Different perspectives provide different sets ofglasses through which phenomena are viewed.Th
i^
tt
d^
d^
i^
th
i
-^
Th
ere is a pattern and order in the universe around us. Because we live in an orderly,nonrandom world this order is comprehensible tononrandom world, this order is comprehensible toa certain extent and within a context.
-^
Uniqueness and patterning are also significantUniqueness and patterning are also significant premise on which this strategy is based.