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I ntroduction to Life - spa n
Development
Development Definition
- (^) The pattern of movement or change tha t be gins a t conce ption & continue s through the human life span.
- (^) Each of us develops Partly like
- (^) All others
- (^) Some others
- (^) No other individuals Periods of Development (^) Prenatal (from conception to birth) (^) Infancy (birth to 2 yrs) (^) Early childhood (2-6yrs) (^) Middle childhood (6-12yrs) (^) Adolescence (12-19yrs) (^) Early Adulthood (20s and 30s) (^) Middle Adulthood (late 30s to mid 60s) (^) Late Adulthood ( above 60)
C ha ra cte ristics of Life - Span
Perspective
Development involves (^) Growth (^) Decline Traditional approach emphasizes (^) Extensive change birth to adolescence (^) Little or no change in adulthood (^) Decline in old age Life - spa n a pproa ch e mpha siz e s (^) Developmental change throughout (^) Childhood (^) Adulthood
Life - spa n pe rspe ctive vie w development as:
(^) Lifelong (^) Multidimensional (^) Multidirectional (^) Plastic (^) Multidisciplinary (^) Contextual (^) I nvolve s growth ,ma inte na nce & re gula tion of loss (^) C onstruction of biology, culture & the individual
I nvolve growth, ma inte na nce & regulation of loss C ombina tion of biology, culture & the individual Example: development is Shaped by experiences that individuals have or pursue. We are shaped by Contextual Three Types of Influences: Normative Age- graded Influences Normative History- graded Influences Non- normative or Highly Individualized Life Events Plastic
T he N a ture O f Development Changes
Biological processes C ha nge s in a n individua l’s physica l nature Hormonal Brain Height & weight gains Cognitive processes Change in the individual’s Thought Intelligence Language Socioemotional processes Change in individual’s: Relationships with others Emotions Personality
Psychoanalytic
Theory
Sigmund Freud’s theory
– Behavior & problems
result of experiences
early in life
Mainly first 5 years
Adult personality
- Resolution of conflicts between sources of
pleasure at each stage & the demands of reality
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Erikson & Freud
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
1. Trust Versus Mistrust
(Hope)
– Infancy - 1
– Does child believe
caregivers are reliable?
– Successful
Develops trust & security &
a basic optimism.
– Badly handled
Becomes insecure &
mistrustful.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
- Autonomy Versus Shame & Doubt (Will)
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
- Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose)
3. Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose)
- 3 – 5 yrs.
- (^) Child learns to:
- (^) Imagine
Broaden skills through act ive play, fantasy
Cooperate
Lead & follow
- (^) Immobilized by guilt:
Fearful
Hangs on fringes of groups
Too dependent on adults
Restricted in development of play skills & imagination.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
4. Industry Versus Inferiority
(Competence)
- (^) 6- puberty
- (^) Learns to master more formal skills of life: (^) (1) Relating with peers according to rules (^) (2) Progressing from free play - structured play - Rules & teamwork (^) (3) Mastering social studies, reading, arithmetic.
- (^) Trusting (^) Autonomous (^) Full of initiative (^) Easily learn to be industrious
- (^) Mistrusting child (^) Doubt future (^) Shame & guilt, experiences defeat & inferiority.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
- Identity Versus Identity Confusion (Fidelity)
