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Developmental Psychology: Theories and Stages of Development, Lecture notes of Developmental Psychology

Introduction, Importance , Historical Perspective and characteristics of development,etc.,

Typology: Lecture notes

2018/2019

Uploaded on 07/08/2019

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tamil-balasubramaniam 🇮🇳

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Introduction to Life-span
Development
Development Definition
The pattern of movement or change tha t be gins at
conce ption & continue s through the human life
span.
Each of us develops
Partly like
All others
Some others
No other individuals
Periods of Development
Prenatal (from conception to birth)
Infancy (birth to 2 yrs)
Early childhood (2-6yrs)
Middle childhood (6-12yrs)
Adolescence (12-19yrs)
Early Adulthood (20s and 30s)
Middle Adulthood (late 30s to mid 60s)
Late Adulthood ( above 60)
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I ntroduction to Life - spa n

Development

Development Definition

  • (^) The pattern of movement or change tha t be gins a t conce ption & continue s through the human life span.
  • (^) Each of us develops Partly like
  • (^) All others
  • (^) Some others
  • (^) No other individuals Periods of Development  (^) Prenatal (from conception to birth)  (^) Infancy (birth to 2 yrs)  (^) Early childhood (2-6yrs)  (^) Middle childhood (6-12yrs)  (^) Adolescence (12-19yrs)  (^) Early Adulthood (20s and 30s)  (^) Middle Adulthood (late 30s to mid 60s)  (^) Late Adulthood ( above 60)

C ha ra cte ristics of Life - Span

Perspective

Development involves  (^) Growth  (^) Decline Traditional approach emphasizes  (^) Extensive change birth to adolescence  (^) Little or no change in adulthood  (^) Decline in old age Life - spa n a pproa ch e mpha siz e s  (^) Developmental change throughout  (^) Childhood  (^) Adulthood

Life - spa n pe rspe ctive vie w development as:

 (^) Lifelong  (^) Multidimensional  (^) Multidirectional  (^) Plastic  (^) Multidisciplinary  (^) Contextual  (^) I nvolve s growth ,ma inte na nce & re gula tion of loss  (^) C onstruction of biology, culture & the individual

I nvolve growth, ma inte na nce & regulation of loss C ombina tion of biology, culture & the individual Example: development is Shaped by experiences that individuals have or pursue. We are shaped by Contextual Three Types of Influences: Normative Age- graded Influences Normative History- graded Influences Non- normative or Highly Individualized Life Events Plastic

T he N a ture O f Development Changes

Biological processes C ha nge s in a n individua l’s physica l nature Hormonal Brain Height & weight gains Cognitive processes Change in the individual’s Thought Intelligence Language Socioemotional processes Change in individual’s: Relationships with others Emotions Personality

Psychoanalytic

Theory

Sigmund Freud’s theory

– Behavior & problems

result of experiences

early in life

 Mainly first 5 years

 Adult personality

  • Resolution of conflicts between sources of

pleasure at each stage & the demands of reality

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Erikson & Freud

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

1. Trust Versus Mistrust

(Hope)

– Infancy - 1

– Does child believe

caregivers are reliable?

– Successful

 Develops trust & security &

a basic optimism.

– Badly handled

 Becomes insecure &

mistrustful.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

  1. Autonomy Versus Shame & Doubt (Will)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

  1. Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose)

3. Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose)

  • 3 – 5 yrs.
  • (^) Child learns to:
  • (^) Imagine
 Broaden skills through act ive play, fantasy
 Cooperate
 Lead & follow
  • (^) Immobilized by guilt:
 Fearful
 Hangs on fringes of groups
 Too dependent on adults
 Restricted in development of play skills & imagination.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

 4. Industry Versus Inferiority

(Competence)

  • (^) 6- puberty
  • (^) Learns to master more formal skills of life:  (^) (1) Relating with peers according to rules  (^) (2) Progressing from free play - structured play - Rules & teamwork  (^) (3) Mastering social studies, reading, arithmetic.
  • (^) Trusting  (^) Autonomous  (^) Full of initiative  (^) Easily learn to be industrious
  • (^) Mistrusting child  (^) Doubt future  (^) Shame & guilt, experiences defeat & inferiority.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

  1. Identity Versus Identity Confusion (Fidelity)