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Anatomy and Function of the Digestive System: Terms, Definitions, and Structures, Quizzes of Physiology

Definitions and functions of various terms related to the digestive system, including the digestive system itself, the alimentary canal, its structures, and the roles of specific organs such as the liver and pancreas. It covers the processes of digestion, absorption, and elimination, as well as the functions of accessory organs.

Typology: Quizzes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 12/08/2010

maggyduffy180
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TERM 1
Digestion
DEFINITION 1
-process where food is changed into a form that can be
absorbed -breakdown of digested food -absorption on
nutrients into blood
TERM 2
Metabolism
DEFINITION 2
-production of ATP -anabolic & catabolic cellular activities
TERM 3
Digestive system
DEFINITION 3
-organs that promote digestion & absorb the products -
alimentary canal: one continuous tube; mouth->pharynx -
>esophagus->stomach->intestines->rectum->anus -
accessory organs: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas
TERM 4
Functions of digestive system
DEFINITION 4
-ingestion: getting food into mouth -p ropulsion: moving food -
mechanical digestion: squashing, chu rning, turning; NOT ONLY IN
MOUTH -chemical digestion: enzym es breakdown food molecules
into building blocks in pancreas & stom ach; each food group uses
different enzymes -absorption: end p roducts absorbed into
intestinal fluid than blood -defecation: elimination of indigestible
substances -compaction: compressio n & dehydration of
indigestible materials
TERM 5
Alimentary canal structures
DEFINITION 5
-4 layers; mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
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Digestion

-process where food is changed into a form that can be absorbed -breakdown of digested food -absorption on nutrients into blood TERM 2

Metabolism

DEFINITION 2 -production of ATP -anabolic & catabolic cellular activities TERM 3

Digestive system

DEFINITION 3 -organs that promote digestion & absorb the products - alimentary canal: one continuous tube; mouth->pharynx -

esophagus->stomach->intestines->rectum->anus - accessory organs: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas TERM 4

Functions of digestive system

DEFINITION 4 -ingestion: getting food into mouth -propulsion: moving food - mechanical digestion: squashing, churning, turning; NOT ONLY IN MOUTH -chemical digestion: enzymes breakdown food molecules into building blocks in pancreas & stomach; each food group uses different enzymes -absorption: end products absorbed into intestinal fluid than blood -defecation: elimination of indigestible substances -compaction: compression & dehydration of indigestible materials TERM 5

Alimentary canal structures

DEFINITION 5 -4 layers; mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

mucosa layer

-inner most layer -has 3 layers: mucosal epithelium, lamina propria (blood vessels, sensory nerves, lymph), muscularis mucosa (smooth muscles & elastic fibers; circular & longitudinal layers) -may have folds in increase surface area -may have glands secreting mucous & digestive enzymes - protects, absorbs & secretes TERM 7

sub mucosa

layer

DEFINITION 7 -dense irregular CT, glands, blood vessels, lymph vessels & nerves -nourishes surrounding tissues -carries away absorbed materials TERM 8

muscularis externa

DEFINITION 8 -2 layers of smooth muscle -inner: circular fibers; decrease diameter when contract -outer: longitudinal: shorten tube when contract TERM 9

serosa

DEFINITION 9 -outer layer -epithelium & CT -protects & secretes serious fluid -does not exist above the diaphragm -also called adventitia TERM 10

Motor Functions of the Alimentary

Canal

DEFINITION 10 -autorythmic -segmentation: mixing, churning & sloshing movements; mostly circular muscle contractions; mixes food with digestive juices; occurs every 20 sec, when empty it is your stomach growling; no net movement in any particular direction; goal is to fragment bolus -peristalsis: wave-like patterns of propulsion by coordinated muscle movements (circular contract first preventing bolus from going backwards, then longitudinal advancing it down the tract); -stimulus: expansion of tube due to accumulation of food

Parts of teeth

-crown: covered by enamel; enamel: hardest substance in body - root: base within host bone -neck: boundary between root & crown -gingiva: gums; gingival sulcus: where gum & tooth meet -dentin: inner mineral matrix -cementum: bone-like material covering root - periodontal ligament: helps anchor tooth -pulp cavity: BV's, nerves, & spongey CT; spongy area -apical foramen: opening into tip of root -root canal: contains BV's & nerves; where nerves & blood exit TERM 17

Dental Succession

DEFINITION 17 -primary/deciduous teeth: between 6 months & 4 years old; 20 total, incisors, cuspids, 1st & 2nd molars - secondary/permanent teeth: 32 total, incisors, cuspids, 1st & 2nd bicuspids, 1st, 2nd, & 3rd molars TERM 18

Movement through pharynx

DEFINITION 18 -enabled by swallowing -bolus enter oropharynx -passes the laryngopharynx TERM 19

Swallowing mechanism

DEFINITION 19 -deglutition -buccal phase: voluntary phase, compresses bolus against hard palate, elevates soft palate, tongue retracts -pharyngeal phase: bolus touches posterior pharyngeal wall, epiglottis tips backward, bolus enters esophagus -esophageal phase: upper esophageal sphincter opens, peristalsis begins, lower esophageal sphincter opens TERM 20

esophagus

DEFINITION 20 -passage for food only -straight collapsable tube -penetrates diaphragm through esophageal hiatus -mucosa: stratified squamous, has large folds (giving it the ability to expand) - muscularis: skeletal muscle in superior regions, as you move down it becomes smooth -adventicia: so serous, CT that helps to anchor

stomach functions

-upper left part of abdominal cavity, under the diaphragm - storage -mechanical breakdown of food continues -chemical breakdown of protein begins -delivers chyme to small intestine -little absorption: alcohol, water, aspirin TERM 22

Stomach parts/ regions

DEFINITION 22 -lesser curvature: medial surface -greater curvature: lateral surface -cardiac region: near esophageal opening, where sphincter is -fundus: up over cardiac region; temporary storage area; may fill with air -body region: largest part - pylorus: narrow, inferior end; pyloric sphincter: muscle that acts as a valve to prevent regurgitation TERM 23

Stomach Histology

DEFINITION 23 -mucosa: folded into rugae for expansion during a full stomach -muscularis: longitudinal (outer), circular (middle), oblique (inner) TERM 24

Gastric secretory

cells

DEFINITION 24 -parietal cells: secrete HCl & intrinsic factors; lower pH/ absorbs B12 -chief cells: secrete pepsinogen, pepsin when exposed to HCl, rennin & gastric lipase; breaks down proteins -enteroendocrine cells: secrete gastrin TERM 25

small intestine functions

DEFINITION 25 -major digestive organ, 18-20 feet -completes digestion of chyme -receives secretions from pancreas & liver -absorbs products of digestion; plicate circulates (folds on inner lining), intestinal villi (finger-like projections of mucosa), microvilli (finger-like extensions of cells membranes) - transports remaining residue to large intestine

Gall bladder

-on inferior surface of liver; connected to cystic duct that joins hepatic duct -stores bile, concentrates bile by reabsorbing water, release bile into duodenum -common bile duct: hepatic & cystic; goes to duodenum TERM 32

Path of Bile

DEFINITION 32 -hepatocytes in liver produce bile -go to bile ducts->hepatic ducts->common hepatic duct-> can be directly release to the common bile duct or stored in cystic ducts -from common bile ducts->hepatopancreatic sphincter->duodenum -from system ducts either goes to gallbladder or the common bile ducts->hepatopancreatic sphincter->duodenum TERM 33

Pancreas

DEFINITION 33 -structure: head, body, tail -pancreatic juice goes to duodenum via the pancreatic duct or hepatopancreatic sphincter -pancreatic juice: produced by pancreatic stimuli, composed of pancreatic amylase (finish digesting starch), proteinase & trypsin (digests proteins), lipase (digests fat), nuclease (digests nucleic acids), alkaline (neutralizes acidic chyme)