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CPDT-KA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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Operant Conditioning - Skinner ✔✔learned by association - works with VOLUNTARY behaviors - applying reinforcement or punishment AFTER the behavior
Creator of this method considered a "reinforcer" something that made a behavior occur more frequently. If there was no change in the behavior, it wasn't a reinforcement.
Formula:
Discriminative Stimulus (your command)-Response-Consequence
Classical Conditioning - Pavlov ✔✔Learned association between 2 events: 1 event is neutral and 1 event elicits an unconditioned response. Works with INVOLUNTARY/automatic behaviors (like drooling) and placing a neutral sign (like ringing a bell) BEFORE it.
Learning ✔✔a change in behavior that lasts for a long time
Performance ✔✔the doing of a behavior, doesn't mean that something was learned
Discriminative Stimulus ✔✔Your command
Temporary Criteria ✔✔the beginning steps of an exercise towards performing a command that is new to the dog
Reward Based Training ✔✔uses positive reinforcement (rewards) and negative punishment (removing something the dog likes - i.e. your attention)
Primary Reinforcer ✔✔food, water, anything dog needs for survival. Food activates parasympathetic nervous system, can calm dog, make him less fearful, & result in training process being enjoyable
Secondary Reinforcer aka Conditioned Reinforcer ✔✔Clicker, saying "yes",... marks a behavior as rewardable and promises reward in near future. Rewards such as tennis balls, petting, clapping, tug- dog is conditioned to like them. ALL OF THESE ARE LEARNED THROUGH CLASSICAL CONDITIONING.
Tertiary Reinforcer ✔✔cues the dog knows and enjoys doing. the doing is the reinforcer
Under stimulus control ✔✔when dog does not:
- refuse to give behavior when cued to do so
2.give the behavior if not cued to do so
3.give the behavior for a different cue
- give a different behavior on the cue
Superstitious Behavior ✔✔some irrelevant behavior that the dog performs along with the desired one thinking that it's required to earn the reward. Usually the result of an accidental reinforcement
VSR ✔✔Variable Schedules of Reinforcement - for fluency
Differential Reinforcement ✔✔A type of VSR where we look for the best examples of the behavior to reward & ignore other offers
Limited Hold ✔✔(VSR) Reward is available only for a certain length of time. It rewards the SPEED of response.
Operant conditioning ✔✔Majority of dog training is this type
Habituation ✔✔A decrease in the strength of a naturally elicited behavior that occurs through repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.
The reason for varying rewards ✔✔Because dogs can habituate to rewards resulting in slower, less vigorous responses
Sensitization ✔✔reaction to a stimulus becomes even stronger when the stimulus is being shown repeatedly
CER Conditioned Emotional Response ✔✔i.e. dog rides in car, hears backfire, now associates ride in car with loud scary noises and doesn't want to ride in cars. Very resistant to extinction
Adaptation ✔✔Involves the physical process of training. Sometimes confused with habituation but has nothing to do with learning. It's the tiring of sensory neurons to perceive the stimulus.
Learned Irrelevance ✔✔Pre-exposure effect. learns to ignore things that have or had no meaning to him or stops responding to a specific stimulus (cue, trigger) because it doesn't have a particular significance that is relevant to the dog.
Law of Parsimony ✔✔Occam's Razor. unless there is evidence to the contrary, one with the fewest assumptions should be selected. The simplest, obvious answer is usually the best. aka Law of Simplicity, Law of Economy.
Reinforcer ✔✔recipient considers it good
Reward ✔✔giver considers it good and hopes recipient will too
Conditioning ✔✔learning
Emitted behavior ✔✔dog Voluntarily offers the behavior on his own
Elicited behaviors ✔✔prompted by luring or molding (assisted by person to perform)
Criteria ✔✔the specific, trainer defined response that is wanted
Premack Principle ✔✔a high probability behavior, something the dog loves to do, can be used to reward a low probability behavior
(to get "B" the dog must do "A") i.e. dog must "sit" before you'll open the door to let him out.
Overshadowing ✔✔when the preferred stimulus (or cue) is not noticed by the animal because there's a more noticeable (to the dog) stimulus around
i.e. the hand motion may be more salient (noticeable) to the dog than the verbal cue when both are being used at the same time
Permanent Criteria ✔✔the finished product, final goal, fluency
Extinction ✔✔occurs when a behavior decreases in frequency or stops happening because of a lack of reinforcement.
Extinction Burst ✔✔increased frequency of a behavior just before extinction. (behavior gets worse, then gets better)
Spontaneous Recovery ✔✔sudden recurrence of a learned response during extinction
Phylogenetic Behaviors in dog ✔✔Behaviors common to dog as a species in general that have developed over generations (i.e. innate fear of fire and loud noises). This type of behavior can be modified.
2 Example of innate (automatic) Phylogenetic behaviors ✔✔1. Fear of fire
- Nursing in puppies
Ontogenetic Behavior ✔✔develops over lifetime of individual dog. i.e. quickly learns to run to human for piece of food when name is called
3 motivations for canine behavior ✔✔1. Food acquisition
- Hazard avoidance/safety/comfort
- Reproductive behavior
Temperament ✔✔Nature (phylogenetic) & Nurture (environment) plus the experiences that occur during the critical periods
Innate behavior ✔✔automatic behavior - i.e. nursing. Dog doesn't have to learn it.
What percentage of chromosomes do dogs inherit from each parent ✔✔Dogs inherit half their chromosomes from father and half from the mother
Instinctive Drift (Breland Effect) ✔✔Instincts, drives, and fixed action patterns might come back in spite of training
Instinct/Drive ✔✔motivation toward self-preservation, reproduction, food acquisition, or defense
Critical Period where dog has greatest capacity to learn particular skills and responses ✔✔3 - 16 weeks of age
Engrams ✔✔specific neural pathways in the brain that store messages regarding movement/familiar motor actions so they become fluid
RAS - Reticular Activating System ✔✔Attention center of brain where activities in world outside are perceived, processed and acted upon. Also "tunes out" what isn't important - learned irrelevance.
Dilated Pupils / eyes appear very black ✔✔Eyes appear this way when dog is fearful or defensive
Dog's lips retract vertically - only the front teeth are showing. (C shape mouth) ✔✔The dog's mouth in an Offensive threat
Dog's lips retract horizontally - you can usually see all the teeth, even the back ones. ✔✔Dog's mouth when showing teeth defensively
Baseline Posture ✔✔Normal body posture for a dog. Tail down, head up, mouth relaxed, body not stiff.
Ambivalence ✔✔In conflict, unsure, may be confused. Dog's body language may show offensive and defensive positions.
Displacement Behaviors ✔✔Shows that the dog is unsure of himself and trying to hold it together.
List of several displacement behaviors ✔✔yawning, lip licking, scratching - out of context behaviors.
Language of Dogs ✔✔sight, sound, smell
Critical Zone ✔✔Dog's personal space dependent on environment and stress levels
Calming Signals ✔✔yawning, turning away, blinking, averting eyes, etc. produce pacifying effect on animal exhibiting them and possibly the animal they're signaling to.
Greeting behavior ✔✔mutual curving nose to tail, somewhat relaxed body and wagging tail. If dog is unsure, body will be stiff and high, wagging slowly
Agonistic ✔✔combative
Options dogs use to resolve social or competitive disputes ✔✔Avoidance, Appeasement, Submission
Level 2 Bite ✔✔Skin not punctured, may be red mark or slight bruise
Level 3 Bite ✔✔1 to 4 holes from single bite, puncture no deeper than 1/2 length of canine tooth
Level 4 Bite ✔✔1to 4 holes from a single bite, deeper than 1/2 length of teeth, severe bruising, could be slashes in both directions
Level 5 Bite ✔✔Multiple level 4 bites
Level 6 Bite ✔✔Victim dies
What level bites should be referred to dog bite specialist? ✔✔Levels 3, 4, and 5
Percentage of bites that are level 1 through 3 ✔✔99% - when referring to dog bites
Includes both Reward Based Training and Compulsive Training methods ✔✔Operant Conditioning includes what types of training?
CER - Conditioned Emotional Response ✔✔dog rides in car, hears loud backfire and it scares him. Now he's afraid to ride in cars thinking he'll hear that scary noise. What kind of response is this?
Thorndike Theory ✔✔What is reinforced will occur more often and what is punished will occur less often.
Punishment ✔✔seems to increase the variability of the behavior.
ABC's of Learning ✔✔Antecedent - stimulus present in environment BEFORE the behavior
Behavior - anything the dog does responding to that stimulus
Consequence - anything that happens to the dog as a result of that behavior
Antecedent ✔✔Any stimulus present BEFORE the behavior occurs
consequences ✔✔This is what influences/drives the dog's behavior
(R+) ✔✔Positive Reinforcement - a reward is added
A reward is added
Example of P- ✔✔Dog jumping on person. The person turns their back on the dog or leaves the room
Example of R+ ✔✔dog performs a sit and is given a treat immediately after performing the behavior. This is
3 to 16 weeks of age ✔✔brain is biologically ready to make long term change in response to social input at this age
when to begin vaccination program ✔✔6-8 weeks of age
when to start group class with pup ✔✔1 to 2 weeks after receiving their first dose of vaccine for distemper, parvo, and adenovirus
when is distemper, hepatitis, & parvo (DHP) vaccines given? ✔✔start at 6 to 8 weeks of age & give every 3 to 4 wks until 12 to 14 wks old then boostered at 1 year and repeated every 3 yrs
CDS - Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome ✔✔Occurs in older pets. Disorientation, social interactions, disruptions in sleep/wake cycles, house soiling, may startle more easily due to loss of vision and hearing
When is rabies vaccine given? ✔✔in the 1st year at 12 weeks of age or older, then boostered at 1 yr. then every 1 to 3 yrs afterward.
Cushings Disease ✔✔body produces too much cortisone, usually occurs in middle age to older dogs. Can contribute to irritability and increased reactivity.
Hypoglycemia ✔✔quick drop in blood sugar that can cause seizures. When it drop more gradually animal becomes weak, disoriented, irritable, or fails to process info well. Young puppies and toy breeds may get it from imporper nutrition, heavy parasite load, or stress.
Hypothyroidism ✔✔Underactive thyroid. may cause aggression, irritability, and anxiety disorders.
Learned Helplessness ✔✔Learner has learned that they are incapable of escaping punishment and cease offering the behavior
