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ALOE VERA AND ITS

SIGNIFICANCE IN DAY TO

DAY LIFE

A project submitted to Bundelkhand University in

partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Pharmacy

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF- Submitted by

Assistant Professor B.Pharm IV Year

B.U Jhansi (U.P.)

INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY BUNDELKHAND

UNIVERSITY (B.U.) JHANSI,(U.P) INDIA

Kadir Husain

Roll no :-20125101603 8

Dr.Shashi Alok

INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY

BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY JHANSI

Certificate

submitted in partial fulfillment of the

University, Jhansi is a bonafied work carried out by SAMRAT SINGH during the

academic session 2022 - 2023.

Date: ……….. H.O.D

Dr. PEEYUSH BHARDWAJ

Head of Department

Institute of Pharmacy

B.U. JHANSI

“ALOE VERA LEAF PLANT

This is to certify that the project entitled

requirementfortheBachelorofpharmacy,InstituteofPharmacyBundelkhand

INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY

BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY JHANSI

DECLARATION

This is to certify that the project entitled “ ALOE VERA AND ITS

SIGNIFICANCE IN DAY TO DAY LIFE ” is prepared by me under the direct

Bundelkhand University, Jhansi.

The same is submitted to Bundelkhand University, Jhansi in partial fulfillment of

requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy.

I further declare that I have not submitted this project report previously for the

award of any degree or diploma to me.

SAMRAT SINGH

guidance and supervision of Dr. Shashi Alok Institute ofPharmacy,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I got excellent opportunity to carry out my project under the supervision of Dr.

suggestions,explict decision, deep personel interest and attention which he show

kindly has been a privilege for me.

I owe special thanks to my parents and all my family member for the motivation,

inspiration and support in boosting my moral without which I would have been in

vain.

KADIR HUSAIN

Dr.Shahsi Alok Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi who

supervised this project work those whose expert guidance advise, timely

Abstract-

Aloe vera, a cactus-like plant, has been used for traditional medicinal purposes for thousands of years. Aloe leaves can be divided into two basic products: latex, a bitter yellow liquid beneath the epidermis of the leaves, and gel, a colorless, tasteless substance inside the leaves. .. Both have many biologically active components, primarily anthraquinones and polysaccharides (most active being acemannan), which can act alone or synergistically. Scientific research supports the use of foods as perishables or preservatives in fresh foods, such as cosmetic moisturizers and toothpaste, and aloe vera in human and animal medicine. Aloe vera seems to treat a variety of conditions due to its wound healing, anti-inflammatory, immunopotentiating, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, laxative, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antitumor effects. In addition to these uses, inclusion in the animal's diet can also maximize animal benefits.

Key words: Aloe Vera, cosmetic applications, food applications, medicinal

applications, animal nutrition.

Introduction-

Aloe vera has many medicinal properties. Studies have shown that taking aloe vera in foods and drinks

lowers blood sugar levels and helps control diabetes. Most of the diabetics consumed aloe vera in the form

of aloe vera or herbal tea mixed with yogurt. It is also used in anti-aging creams, anti-wrinkle creams and

moisturizers. Moisturizers or creams are preferred because they are non-greasy or sticky, are easily

absorbed by the skin, have no odor, and dry quickly. It can be used to relieve sunburn and other types of

burns. It reduces pain and inflammation, relieves a burning sensation, and heals wounds quickly. Juice

from the inside of the leaves can be used directly, or pure aloe vera extract products can be used to apply to

burns and blemishes. Aloe vera extract can also be used to treat gastric ulcers. The extract can be taken in

the form of juice or with any food to help reduce inflammation and heal stomach wounds caused by ulcers.

Aloe Vera Juice, when taken directly or with another type of liquid, relieves various types of stomach

ailments, including irritable bowel syndrome, gastric acid reflux disease, Crohn's disease, indigestion,

heartburn, and many other problems. .. It helps maintain the balance of stomach acid and has a calming

effect on the stomach. Aloe vera has antibacterial properties as well as anti-inflammatory properties that

help cure problems with the mouth and gums and severe periodontal disease. It can be used in the form of

gel or toothpaste to rub the gums. It also has the property of healing skin problems such as eczema, burns

and cuts.

ALOE VERA-

Aloe Vera is a cactus-like plant, although it is related to the onion, garlic and asparagus. It is stemless with

triangular, fleshy leaves ranging in color from grey-green to bright green and in the margin of the leaves

has small white teeth. The leaves are composed of three layers: an inner gel, a yellow sap and the outer

thick layer of 15-20 cells called rind[1].

Figure 1: Aloe Vera

Aloe leaves have long been used for cosmeceutical, cosmetic and health food purposes, but there is no clear

understanding or scientific analysis to support such properties. According to other researchers, aloe vera can

be divided into two basic products: latex and gel. Latex, called "aloe juice" or "aloe juice", which makes up

about 20- 30% by weight of the entire leaf, is a bitter yellow exudate from the circumferential tubules beneath

the epidermis of the leaf. Young leaves have been found to have a higher concentration of latex components

than older leaves. Colorless and tasteless gels, on the other hand, are pulp or mucus from the parenchymal

cells.Though found in small amounts, secondary plant compounds can help determine the color, smell, and

taste of the plant. Moreover, they can be effective if used pharmacologically. For instance, aloe vera contains

essential oils that can provide anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Other anti-inflammatory

ingredients include salicylic acid and tannic acid.aloe vera contains many vitamins and other active ,and

minerals.Aloe vera is a succulent plant species of the genus aloe.it is widely distributed ,and is consiferd an

invasive species in many regions.

Figure 3. Comparative plant parts of Aloe trinervis and Aloe Vera (A & B) with respect to (1) inflorescence, (2) corolla ventral view, (3) corolla dorsal view, (4) teeth arrangement, (5)bud, (6) floral bract, (7) teeth shape (Photo: C.S. Purohit & R.N. Kulloli).S[2].

Identification of the

agentBotanical data

(a) Nomenclature:

Botanical name: Aloe Vera (L.) Burm. f.(synonym, Aloe barbadensis, Aloe humilis Blanco, Aloe indica Royle, nomen nudum, Aloe perfoliata var. Vera L., Aloe vulgaris Lam.)[3]. Common names: Aloe Vera; Aloe Vera Linné; True aloe; Aloe barbadensis; Barbados aloe; Curaçao aloe; Mediterranean aloe; Ghritakumari; Lu Hui; Luhui, etc.[4]. Table 1: Scientific and biological classification of tridax procumbens. Classification Scientific name Botanical name Kingdom Plantae^ Plant Sub Kingdom Tracheobionta Vascular plant Division Spermatophyta^ Seed^ plant Sub Division Magnoliophyta Flowering plant Class Liliopsida^ Monocotyledon Sub Class Lilidae^ —------------ Order Liliales —-------------- Family Asphodelaceae / Aloaceae Asphodelaceae family Genus Aloe^ L.^ Aloe Species Aloe Vera (L.) Burm f. Aloevera (b) Description Succulents are plants that are thickened, fleshy and engorged, allowing the plant to retain water in arid areas. Aloe Vera is a succulent that can be grown indoors as a houseplant, or in temperate zones as an outdoor perennial. Favorable growing conditions include plenty of light, but limited direct sun. The leaves may tend to droop when placed in a low light setting. Aloe Vera is grown by many for the gel in the leaves. It can be used in desserts, yogurt, and beverages. It is also grown for medicinal purposes. Its soothing, moisturizing and cooling properties are often used to treat superficial burns and sunburn. The plants' gel treats the burn and provides some pain relief. It can also be used during outbreaks of acne, many over the counter acne medications list aloe as an ingredient[5].

Insects, Diseases and Other Plant Problems:

Mealybugs and aphids are insects that may affect the health of your aloe plant. Diseases include scale, leaf

spot, aloe rust, sooty mold. Overwatering should be avoided, it can lead to the roots rotting.

Flower Size: 1 - 3 inches Flower Description: Flowers are red or yellow-orange in terminal, elongated clusters. Densely packed pendulous flowers on a spike reaching nearly 3' in height. Flowers only appear on mature plants but will bloom multiple times in the plant's lifetime. Leaves: Leaf Color: Blue, Gray/Silver, Green Leaf Feel: Fleshy, Smooth Leaf Value To Gardener: Showy Leaf Type: Simple Leaf Arrangement: Rosulate Leaf Shape: Lanceolate Leaf Margin: Serrate Hairs Present: No Leaf Length: > 6 inches Leaf Width: 1 - 3 inches Leaf Description: Perennial herb with thick, succulent, pointed, basal leaves with a margin of small white teeth. The leaves may grow up to 18” in length. They are soft and easy to break, containing a gel-like sap within. Stem: Stem Is Aromatic: No Stem Description: Short stout stem. Landscape: Landscape Location: Container, House Plants, Patio Landscape Theme: Drought Tolerant Garden Design Feature: Accent, Specimen Problems: Poisonous to Humans Problem for Cats Problem for Dogs Problem for Horses Poisonous to Humans: Poison Severity: Low Poison Symptoms: CAUSES ONLY LOW TOXICITY IF EATEN. SKIN IRRITATION MINOR OR LASTING ONLY FOR A FEW MINUTES. Poisonous part: Sap of leaves. Poisonous through ingestion or dermatitis. Symptoms may include: Abdominal cramping, diarrhea, red urine; skin irritation from latex. Poison Toxic Principle: Anthraquinone glycoside Causes Contact Dermatitis: Yes Poison Part: Leaves

Distribution

Aloe vera is only known as a cultivated or naturalized plant. Commonly believed to originate from Arabia,

Somalia, or Sudan, the recently discovered aloe vera resource in Oman could prove to be the only wild

population in the world. Mediterranean origin is often quoted, but probably wrong. Aloe vera is now widely

distributed in the tropics and subtropics. It is cultivated as a cash crop in the arid regions of the United

States, Asia and Australia. Aloe vera was already used as a medicine by the Greeks in 400 BC. Then by an

Arab doctor. Its outbreak is poorly documented, but it is probably cultivated in all countries of tropical

Africa. Aloe species are primarily resident in arid climates and are widespread in Africa, India and other

arid regions. The maximum number of aloe is about 140, most of which are found in South Africa. However,

they can also grow in subtropical summer and winter rainy areas. [6].

Propagation

When growing aloe vera, vegetative propagation is usually preferred over seed propagation due to poor seedling emergence and fast growth of strons. Lack of water can reduce the formation of breastfeeding. Suckers can be cut from the mother plant when they are 15-20 cm in length. They can be raised in the nursery of the first year. In vitro culture of vegetative meristems enables micropropagation and in vitro regeneration of leaf base explants.

Chemical constituents

A review of the chemistry of Aloe Vera was provided by Reynolds (2004), and a summary of the chemical constituents of Aloe Vera is provided in Table2. The main feature of aloe vera plants is the high water content in the range of 99% to 99%,while the remaining 0. to 1.0% solids have more than 200 different potential activities such as vitamins ,minerls and enzymes.It is said that it contains various compounds.complex polysaccharides,phenolic compounds,organic acids. A study of the composition of the structural components of the leaves of aloe vera found that the nbark accounted for 20-30% of the total weight and the flesh accounted for 70-80%.on a dry weight bsis,the skin and pulp contain 2.7-4.2%. TuBular flowers and fruits that c contain numerous seeds .Each leaf is composed of three layers-

1. An inner clear gel that contains 99% water and rest is made of glucomannans,amino acids,lpids,sterols and vitamins.
2. The middle layer of latex which is the bitter yellow sap and contains anthraquinones and glycosides.
3. The outer thick layer of 15-20 cells called as rind which has protective function and synthesizes carbohydrates and proteins .inside the rind are vascular bundles responsible for transportation of substances such as water and starch. Table 2- summary of chemical constituents of Aloe vera products(7)

lipids and 6.3% and 7.3% protein, respectively. The proportions of soluble sugars (11.2% and 16.5%), mainly as glucose, and the proportions of ash (13.5% and 15.4%), especially calcium, were relative in the skin and pulp, respectively [8]. Non-starch polysaccharides and lignin made up the majority of each leaf fraction, accounting for 62.3% and 57.6% of the dry weight of the skin and pulp, respectively. Acetylated mannan is the major polysaccharide in aloe vera gel. Other chemical constituents of aloe vera include lectins such as lectins A and B. The physical and chemical constituents of products derived from aloe vera plants are sources (such as plant parts), plant species, climatic conditions, seasonal and producer influences, and processing techniques. [9]. Figure 5: Schematic representation of the Aloe Vera plant, showing a cross-section through a leaf[10] Aloe Vera contains an array of materials, including the following: Acids - antimicrobial, anti-helminitic (anti-parasitic worms), wound healing for skin tissue and ulcers. Amino Acids - required for repair and growth. Aloe Vera contains twenty of the twenty two essential amino acids. Enzymes - catalysts enabling chemical reactions to take place. Lectin - anti-tumour effects. Lipids - principle structural components of living cells. Minerals - calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium are all present in significant quantities. Lactates and Salicylates - analgesic properties. Phenolics - mild antiseptics and antimicrobials. Polysaccharides - long chain sugars broken down to smaller ones via enzymes. Urea-Nitrogen - pain killing effect.

Vitamins - contains 8 of the 13 recognised vitamins. Contra-indications/Precautions not recommended during pregnancy. Table 5: Summary of the chemical composition of A. Vera leaf pulp and exudate[11]

Aloe vera juice mixed with milk for use in kidney infections. In Japan, aloe vera is the main component of yogurt. In India, aloe vera is used to prepare certain foods. Aloe vera was used as a medicine by the ancients. The Greeks believe that Alexander the Great conquered Socotra, an island in the Indian Ocean. This island was rich in aloe vera plants. Aloe vera is commonly used for the following purposes strengthening the immune system, [12].

Dietary supplement:

Aloin, a compound found in some semi-liquid latex species of aloe, is provided by the Food and Drug Administration in 2002 with the safety data required by manufacturers. [13] Aloe vera is potentially toxic and has side effects at several doses, both when ingested and when applied topically. Treatment and removal of aloin can reduce toxicity, but high doses of aloe vera can have the following side effects: Diarrhea or hepatitis. Chronic ingestion of aloe (1 gram daily dose) can cause side effects such as hematuria, weight loss, and heart and kidney disease. Aloe Vera Juice is marketed to support digestive health, but there is no scientific evidence or regulatory approval to support this claim [13]. The extracts and amounts commonly used for this purpose are associated with dose- dependent toxicity.

External Benefits:

Burn and Wound Healing:.

Aging of the Skin: Aging of the skin is characterized by thinning and wrinkling of the epidermis, combined with the appearance of lines, creases, age spots and furrows in the face. Components of Aloe Vera have been found to reverse degenerative skin changes by stimulating collagen and elastin synthesis, in essence turning back the clock on the effects aging has on skin[14].

Immune System Restoration:

Research has proven that Aloe Vera prevent suppression of the skin's immune system. This suppression may be one of the causes of skin cancer. In addition, topical application of the Aloe Vera can be made up to 24 hours after exposure to ultraviolet light without reducing the degree of prevention regarding immune system suppression.

Moisturizer:

One of the main reasons Aloe Vera has become so popular among consumers is that it possesses incredible moisturizing properties. Studies show that Aloe Vera improves the skin's ability to hydrate itself, aids in the removal of dead skin cells and has an effective penetrating ability that helps transport healthy substances through the skin. Each of these factors make Aloe Vera an ideal ingredient in cosmetic and dermatological products. In fact, Aloe Vera is currently one of the most important ingredients in the cosmetics industry, being utilized in over 95% of the dermatologically valuable extracts manufactured worldwide.

Arthritis, Joint and Muscle Pain:

Aloe Vera is believed to reduce severe joint and muscle pain associated with arthritis, as well as pain related to tendinitis and injuries. When applied directly to the area of pain, Aloe Vera penetrates the skin to soothe the pain. Studies have also found that ingestion of Aloe Vera on a daily basis can help prevent and cause a regression of adjutant arthritis.

Anti-Inflammatory: Aloe Vera promotes a variety of anti-inflammatory responses in the body, reducing swelling from injuries and promoting recovery from infections. Such anti-inflammatory responses not only aid in the relief of pain and discomfort, but also enhance the overall wound process. Biological Vehicle: Acts as a biological vehicle to aid penetration and absorption of other bio-active ingredients into deep tissue.

Beauty care properties-

Aloin and its gel are used as skin tonic against pimples. Aloe Vera is also used for soothing the skin, and keeping the skin moist to help avoid flaky scalp and skin in harsh and dry weather. Aloe Vera may also be used as a moisturizer for oily skin. Studies show that Aloe Vera improves the skin's ability to hydrate itself, aids in the removal of dead skin cells and has an effective penetrating ability that helps transport healthy substances through the skin. Each of these factors makes Aloe Vera an ideal ingredient in cosmetic and dermatological products. In fact, Aloe Vera is currently one of the most important ingredients in the cosmetics industry, being utilized in over 95 per cent of the dermatologically valuable extracts manufactured worldwide. The aloe sugars are also used in moisturizing preparations. Mixedwith selected essential oils, it makes an excellent skin smoothing moisturizer, sun block lotion plus a whole range of beauty products. Due to its soothing and cooling qualities, Maharishi ayurveda recommends Aloe Vera for a number of skin problems[15].

Skin and Body Anti - Aging Properties:

The invaluable oligo-elements present in aloe juice, manganese and selenium, constitute the enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, recognized as powerful antioxidants and cellular anti-aging agents. Their high antioxidants slow down the aging process. This helps cells to become stronger in combating the negative effects caused by oxygen and the broad spectrum radiation we are exposed to daily. The non-essential amino acid, proline, is instead a constituent of collagen, whose role is to ensure the perfect holding capacity and elasticity of epithelial tissues. It naturally follows that the intake of the vitamins and minerals present in Aloe stimulates proper blood saturation, thus guaranteeing better oxygenation and faster expulsion of toxins. Skin becomes smoother,hydrated and more elastic, protected from free radicals and their degenerative activity, resulting in impressive / substantial anti- aging effects[16].

Antiseptic Effects:

The antiseptic property of Aloe Vera is due to presence of six antiseptic agents namely lupeol, salicylic acid, urea nitrogen, cinnamic acid, phenols and sulphur. These compounds have inhibitory action on fungi, bacteria and viruses. Though most of these uses are interesting, controlled trials are essential to determine its effectiveness in all diseases[17] Laxative Effects: Anthraquinones present in latex are a potent laxative. It increases intestinal water content, stimulates mucus secretion and increases intestinal peristalsis.The anthraquinones decrease in stool specific gravity indicating a greater water-holding characteristic of the stool and improved gastrointestinal motility with reduce.