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E 219 CHILD AND YOUTH PSYCHOLOGY EXAM 2
2025-2026 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+ OPEN UNIVERSITY
Researchers studying infant cognition often use the __________ method to determine what infants understand about the physical world.
violation-of-expectation
According to Piaget, categories are __________ in early infancy, but become more __________ in later infancy.
perceptual; conceptual
Deja's mother showed her how to obtain an out-of-reach toy by pulling a string. Later, 8-month-old Deja used this strategy again to obtain a toy that was out of her reach. Deja's behavior suggests that she is capable of
analogical problem solving.
Which of the following examples shows a child engaging in sociodramatic play?
Three-year-old Henry plays "store" with his friends.
Which of the following statements about the development of drawing is true?
In early drawing, children's gestures, rather than the scribbles, contain the representation.
Piaget used the three-mountains problem to demonstrate young children's
egocentrism.
A researcher shows 4-year-old Natasha three green apples and six red apples. When asked if there are more apples or red apples, Natasha replies that there are more red apples. Natasha is displaying difficulty with
hierarchical classification.
Piaget's educational background in __________ influenced his cognitive- developmental theory.
biology
According to Piaget, the __________ stage is the most complex period of development because the greatest accommodation takes place during this time.
sensorimotor
Nadia can sort sticks of varying length into a sequence from shortest to longest. However, she cannot conclude that stick A is longer than stick C given that A is longer than B and that B is longer than C. Which of the following abilities does Nadia lack?
transitive inference
Mr. Liang, a high school physics teacher, challenges his eleventh graders to determine the minimal weight required to break a thread. Students make predictions and test their inferences. To succeed in this experiment, students must use
hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
When 14-year-old Serena gets a pimple on her nose, she is certain that everyone at school is staring at her and ridiculing her behind her back. Serena's extreme self- consciousness and sensitivity to public criticism reflect which common cognitive distortion of adolescence?
The imaginary audience
Follow-up research on formal operational thought shows that school-age children
have some understanding of hypothetico-deductive and propositional thinking in simplified forms.
A teacher in a Piagetian-based preschool wants to foster her students' cognitive development. Based on the educational principles derived from Piaget's theory, how might she accomplish this goal?
Promote children's self-paced discovery by providing a variety of materials and play areas
In __________, children are viewed as naïve theorists.
the theory theory
Unlike Piaget, theory theorists believe that
because children start with innate knowledge, their reasoning advances quickly.
The core domain of __________ knowledge seems to emerge later and may have a weaker innate foundation than the other core domains.
biological
According to Vygotsky's theory, the force that drives children's cognitive development is
interaction with adults or more competent peers
REM sleep
seems to fulfill young infants' need for stimulation since they spend so little time in an alert state.
The most effective way to sooth a crying baby is to
lift the baby to the shoulder.
Which of the following is true?
NBAS "recovery curves," which estimate the baby's ability to recover from the stress of birth, successfully predict intelligence into the preschool years.
In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented alone enough times without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), the conditioned response (CR) will no longer occur. This is known as
extincition
When baby Sam sees his mother, he gazes at her and smiles. Sam's mother looks and smiles back, and then Sam looks and smiles again. This is an example of
operant conditioning
After looking at a patterned picture for several minutes, baby Isaiah looks away and shows a loss of interest. This reduced response caused by repeated exposure to a stimulus is known as
habituation
Research on infants' habituation and recovery allows researchers to explore early
attention and memory
Crawling, standing, and walking are examples of
gross motor development
According to the dynamic systems theory of motor development
new skills are acquired by revising and combining earlier accomplishments
Cross-cultural research on motor development indicates that
early movement opportunities and a stimulating environment contribute significantly to motor development.
Infant depth perception, as assessed by refusal to cross the deep side of the visual cliff, is promoted by
experience with crawling
Young infants are able to match faces with voices on the basis of lip-voice synchrony, emotional expression, and the sex and age of the speaker. This ability to connect sight and sound demonstrates their capacity for
intermodal perception
According to the differentiation theory of perceptual development
infants seek out invariant, or stable, features of the environment.
Newborns prefer to look at
photos and simplified drawings of faces.
Habituation and recovery reveal that at birth,
babies are attracted to novelty
Size constancy, or the perception of an object's size as the same, despite changes in the size of its retinal image
is evident the first week of life.
Babies come into the world with a primitive ability to learn through
imitation or copying the behavior of another person.
A reflex is
an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation.
The most rapid physical growth takes place during
infancy
During adolescence, the proximodistal trend reverses, which explains why young adolescents often have disproportionately
large feet and hands
Which of the following provides the best estimate of a child's physical maturity?
The frontal lobes
undergo especially rapid development during the preschool and school years and again in adolescence
Which of the following statements about hemispheric specialization is true?
The two hemispheres communicate and work together, doing so more effectively with age.
Left-handed people
are more likely to develop exceptional verbal and mathematical talents than right- handed people.
Longitudinal studies have found that the behavior and cognitive deficits of children with elevated lead levels
are permanent, but can be reduced with a quality home life and an enriched diet
Fourteen-year-old Elizabeth is often fatigue and irritable. She may be suffering from _________, a common nutritional problem of adolescence.
iron deficiency
The form of severe malnutrition known as _____ is caused by a(n) ______ defiance and is most common between 1 and 3 years of age.
kwashiorkor; protein
Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true?
Children who get inadequate sleep are more likely to become overweight.
______ is a common cause of death and developmental deficits in impoverished areas and can be prevented with low-cost treatments like zinc and oral rehydration therapy (ORT).
Diarrhea
Children who suffer from nonorganic failure to thrive and psychosocial dwarfism tend to
show lasting difficulties if the disorders are not corrected early.
Recent research indicated that the image of adolescence as a period of storm and stress is
Rates of extramarital sex among young people rose for several decades but have recently declined.
Which of the following factors is associated with increased contraceptive use among sexually active adolescents?
a good relationship with parents that allow for taking openly about sex and contraception.
Providing teenagers with easy access to contraceptives
is likely to reduce rates of teenage pregnancy.
